Table 4.
Hyoid muscles of adults of representative actinopterygian taxa, including the zebrafish. The nomenclature of the muscles shown in bold follows that of the present work. In order to facilitate comparisons, in some cases certain names often used by other authors to designate a certain muscle/bundle are given in front of that muscle/bundle. Data compiled from evidence provided by developmental biology, comparative anatomy, experimental embryology and molecular biology, innervation and phylogeny (for more details, see text).
| Probable plesiomorphic osteichthyan condition | Cladistia: Polypterus bichir (Bichir) | Chondrostei: Psephurus gladius (Chinese swordfish) | Ginglymodi: Lepisosteus osseus (Longnose gar) | Halecomorphi: Amia calva (Bowfin) | Teleostei – basal: Elops saurus (Ladyfish) | Teleostei – clupeocephalan: Danio rerio (Zebrafish) |
| Interhyoideus | Interhyoideus | Interhyoideus | Interhyoideus | Interhyoideus | Interhyoideus (*forming, together with intermandibularis posterior, the protractor hyoideus: see Table 2) | Interhyoideus (*see cell on the left) |
| ----- | Hyohyoideus | Hyohyoideus | Hyohyoideus | Hyohyoideus inferior | Hyohyoideus inferior | Hyohyoideus inferior |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | Hyohyoideus abductor (*often considered as part of a hyohyoideus superior) | Hyohyoideus abductor (*see cell on the left) | Hyohyoideus abductor (*see cell on the left) |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | Hyohyoidei adductores (*often considered as part of a hyohyoideus superior) | Hyohyoidei adductores (*see cell on the left) | Hyohyoidei adductores (*see cell on the left) |
| Adductor operculi | Adductor operculi | Adductor operculi (opercularis of e.g. Carroll and Wainwright [72]) | Adductor operculi | Adductor operculi | Adductor operculi | Adductor operculi |
| Adductor arcus palatini | Adductor arcus palatini | Retractor hyomandibulae (*seemingly originated from the portion of the hyoid muscle plate from which originates the adductor arcus palatini of other actinopterygians) | Adductor arcus palatini | Adductor arcus palatini | Adductor arcus palatini | Adductor arcus palatini |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 'Adductor hyomandibulae X' (*seemingly not homologous to the 'adductor hyomandibulae Y' of Table 5) |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | Levator operculi (*seemingly not homologous to the 'levator operculi' of Table 5) | Levator operculi (*see cell on the left) | Levator operculi (*see cell on the left) |