Table 7.
Hypobranchial muscles of adults of representative sarcopterygian taxa. The nomenclature of the muscles shown in bold follows that of the present work. In order to facilitate comparisons, in some cases certain names often used by other authors to designate a certain muscle/bundle are given in front of that muscle/bundle. Data compiled from evidence provided by developmental biology, comparative anatomy, experimental embryology and molecular biology, innervation and phylogeny (for more details, see text).
| Probable plesiomorphic osteichthyan condition | Actinistia: Latimeria chalumnae (Coelacanth) | Dipnoi: Lepidosiren paradoxa (South American lungfish) | Amphibia: Ambystoma ordinarium (Michoacan stream salamander) | Reptilia: Timon lepidus (Ocellated lizard) | Mammalia: Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Mammalia: Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Coracomandibularis | Coracomandibularis | Coracomandibularis (geniothoracicus of e.g. Miyake et al. [34]) | Geniohyoideus (*geniohyoideus does not correspond directly to coracomandibularis of bony fishes, because this latter also gave rise to tetrapod muscles as e.g. genioglossus and hyoglossus; so in this case we can accept to use the name geniohyoideus, due to its consensual use within anatomists working with tetrapods) | Geniohyoideus (geniohyoideus and/or at least part of mandibulohyoideus of e.g. Edgeworth [12] and Herrel et al. [76]) | Geniohyoideus | Geniohyoideus |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | Genioglossus (*according to e.g. Edgeworth [12] the genioglossus of salamanders such as Ambystoma is derived from the coracomandibularis) | Genioglossus (*according to e.g. Edgeworth [12] the genioglossus of lizards such as Timon is derived from the coracomandibularis) | Genioglossus | Genioglossus |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | Hyoglossus (*the statements of Edgeworth [12] concerning the origin of this muscle in salamanders such as Ambystoma are somewhat confuse: in his page 196 he states that it originates from the sternohyoideus but in his page 211 he seems to indicate that, as in other amphibians as well as in amniotes, it derives from the coracomandibularis) | Hyoglossus (*according to e.g. Edgeworth [12] the hyoglossus of lizards such as Timon is derived from the coracomandibularis) | Hyoglossus | Hyoglossus |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Styloglossus (*derived from hyoglossus, see e.g. Edgeworth [12] and Saban [79]) | Styloglossus |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Palatoglossus (*seemingly derived from styloglossus, see e.g. Edgeworth [12]) |
| Sternohyoideus | Sternohyoideus | Sternohyoideus (rectus cervicis of e.g. Bemis and Lauder [50]) | Sternohyoideus (rectus cervicis of e.g. Lauder and Shaffer [77]) | Sternohyoideus (rectus cervicis of e.g. Kardong [46]) | Sternohyoideus | Sternohyoideus |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Sternothyroideus (*sternothyroideus and thyrohyoideus seemingly derived from sternohyoideus, see e.g. Edgeworth [12], Saban [79], and Kardong [46]) | Sternothyroideus |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | Thyrohyoideus (*see cell above) | Thyrohyoideus |
| ----- | ----- | ----- | Omohyoideus (*seemingly derived from the sternohyoideus) | Omohyoideus | Omohyoideus | Omohyoideus |