Table 3.

Table 3 Top 5 Disease–Drug Associations

	RCT/MeSH			RCT/UMLS			DSUM/UMLS 2004
Disease	Drug	Start Year	ɛ(χ2)	Drug	Start Year	ɛ(χ2)	Drug	ɛ(χ2)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	zidovudine	1987	0.63153	zidovudine	1987	0.90564	ritonavir	0.74390
	didanosine	1992	0.25971	didanosine	1992	0.53224	lamivudine	0.74145
	zalcitabine	1989	0.25482	lamivudine	1994	0.50146	lopinavir	0.64139
	foscarnet	1986	0.22152	stavudine	1993	0.47512	lopinavir-ritonavir	0.63180
	pentamidine	1976	0.19434	ritonavir	1995	0.42316	zidovudine	0.63027
Asthma	albuterol	1972	0.80320	albuterol	1971	0.64084	albuterol	0.78789
	budesonide	1980	0.50067	salmeterol	1988	0.47005	montelukast	0.55013
	beclomethasone	1973	0.48950	methacholine	1976	0.46152	montelukast sodium	0.54505
	terbutaline	1973	0.43036	budesonide	1980	0.43908	ipratropium	0.41305
	methacholine chloride	1983	0.42112	montelukast	1996	0.40051	fluticasone	0.40265
Breast neoplasms	tamoxifen	1976	0.90979	tamoxifen	1973	0.71016	tamoxifen	0.40440
	cyclophosphamide	1966	0.58549	cyclophosphamide	1966	0.36420	anastrozole	0.34439
	fluorouracil	1967	0.55386	fluorouracil	1969	0.30104	letrozole	0.30108
	methotrexate	1965	0.39540	anastrozole	1996	0.25993	trastuzumab	0.23170
	epirubicin	1984	0.38076	toremifene	1990	0.23456	exemestane	0.22265
Congestive heart failure	digoxin	1971	0.31366	digoxin	1971	0.28106	frusemide	0.74348
	enalapril	1982	0.26417	frusemide	1965	0.17439	carvedilol	0.50234
	captopril	1979	0.25010	dobutamine	1979	0.17096	digoxin	0.49833
	furosemide	1965	0.23694	enalapril	1982	0.16701	lisinopril	0.38617
	milrinone	1985	0.22112	captopril	1979	0.15419	spironolactone	0.32166
Diabetes mellitus	insulin	1965	1.00000	insulin	1965	0.95470	metformin	0.69717
	glyburide	1974	0.51144	glyburide	1970	0.44653	insulin isophane	0.63515
	metformin	1969	0.44713	metformin	1970	0.40722	metformin hydrochloride	0.49561
	insulin, isophane	1982	0.35043	insulin, regular, human	1982	0.35550	glipizide	0.47934
	glucagon	1970	0.31428	rosiglitazone	1999	0.34800	glyburide	0.43595
Parkinson’s disease	levodopa	1971	1.00000	levodopa	1970	1.00000	carbidopa	1.00000
	carbidopa	1975	0.62779	carbidopa	1973	0.58552	levodopa	1.00000
	selegiline	1980	0.53362	entacapone	1994	0.46421	pramipexol	0.36856
	bromocriptine	1976	0.42983	selegiline	1987	0.45679	entacapone	0.29354
	benserazide	1976	0.32870	pramipexol	1995	0.42478	ropinirole	0.27994
Pneumonia	cefamandole	1978	0.19196	ceftazidime	1983	0.19061	azithromycin	0.61668
	cefoperazone	1983	0.15708	azithromycin	1990	0.18618	ceftriaxon	0.48426
	ceftazidime	1983	0.14577	telithromycin	2000	0.16826	ipratropium	0.34349
	erythromycin	1966	0.14514	ceftriaxon	1981	0.16452	albuterol	0.34127
	roxithromycin	1990	0.13789	imipenem	1983	0.15372	ipratropium bromide	0.33408
Schizophrenia	haloperidol	1970	0.88813	haloperidol	1970	0.75683	benztropine	0.32158
	risperidone	1989	0.62936	olanzapine	1996	0.75337	benzatropine methanesulfonate	0.30715
	clozapine	1978	0.58340	risperidone	1992	0.65631	olanzapine	0.27719
	fluphenazine	1967	0.46367	clozapine	1978	0.59956	risperidone	0.24228
	pirenzepine	1980	0.37131	quetiapine	1996	0.37114	fluphenazine hydrochloride	0.23775

This table presents the generic name drugs most associated with the diseases as identified in Medline RCT articles (annotated by MeSH and UMLS concepts with BioMedLEE) and discharge summaries (annotated by UMLS concepts with MedLEE). For RCT/MeSH and RCT/UMLS, the start year indicates the year the drug first appeared in the literature based on the respective annotations; for DSUM/UMLS, the start year is the year of discharge summaries (in this case, 2004).