Increased pSMAD2 protein expression in 2-week-old CS-exposed lung. (A) pSMAD2 staining was increased in 2-week-old lung exposed to 14 days of CS (white arrows). (B) pSMAD2 expression was significantly increased in 2-week-old CS-exposed lung compared with 2-week-old control, adult control, and CS-exposed lung. (*P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.02, respectively, by one-way ANOVA; 2-week-old control n = 5, 2-week-old CS-exposed n = 7, adult control n = 3, and adult CS-exposed n = 5, ± SEM).