Table 4.

Comparison of mean trait differences between phylogenetically paired Malagasy and African species. (Values greater than 0 indicate that the Malagasy species had higher lateral displacement, greater tensile strength, wider-angled branches, thinner twigs and smaller leaves then their African relatives. Statistical test=univariate t-test of the H_o that the mean difference=0. Statistics are calculated for differences between mean trait values for each clade in each area. Mean2 and p2 are calculated for differences between minimum Malagasy and maximum African trait values for each clade. Clades compared: Acacia, Albizia, Brachylaena, Cadaba, Carissa, Commiphora, Croton, Dichrostachys, Didiereaceae (Decarya, Alluaudia, Portulacaria), Diospyros, Grewia, Mundulea, Poupartia (=Sclerocarya), Rhigozum, and Terminalia.)

trait	mean	s.d.	t-value	p	mean2	p2
lateral displacement	0.74	0.34	8.68	0.000	0.63	0.000
tensile strength	0.63	0.41	6.24	0.000	0.48	0.001
wide-angled branch	0.48	0.43	4.48	0.000	0.30	0.022
thin twigs	0.40	0.36	4.46	0.000	0.23	0.043
zigzag branches	0.26	0.45	2.31	0.036	0.22	0.089
leaf size class	0.21	0.28	2.98	0.009	0.08	0.315
heteroblastic	0.20	0.38	2.08	0.055	0.12	0.232
inner–outer leaves	0.04	0.13	1.33	0.203	0.03	0.333
spines	−0.13	0.47	−1.07	0.300	−0.16	0.237
three-dimensional branching	−0.20	0.36	−2.28	0.037	−0.28	0.014