Table 2.
Morphological and biochemical diversity of black aspergilli occurring on grapes.
| Species | Conidial size (μm) | Color and size of sclerotia (mm) | Source | OTA | Extrolites produced |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biseriates | |||||
| A. brasiliensis (Varga et al. 2007) | 3.5-4.5 | Found only in some strain, white, 1-1.5 | Soil, grape | − | Naphtho-γ-pyrones (including aurasperone B), pyrophen, tensidol A & B, dihydrocarolic acid, aflavinine |
| A. carbonarius (Bainier) (Thom 1916) | 7-9 | Pink to brown, 1 | Grape, cocoa, coffee, spices, palm oil, soil, air | + | Pyranonigrin A, naphtho-γ-pyrones |
| A. foetidus (Thom & Raper 1945) | 3.5-4.5 | Found only in some strain, white, 1-1.5 | Tomato, grape, bottled fruits | − | Antafumicins, asperazine, funalenone, naphtho-γ-pyrones, pyranonigrin A |
| A. ibericus (Serra et al. 2006) | 5-7 | − | Grape | − | Naptho-γ-pyrones, pyranonigrin A |
| A. niger (Tieghem 1867) | 3.5-5 | − | Grape, cocoa, coffee, cereals, soil, paper, date palm | +/− | Funalenone, kotanins, naphtho-γ-pyrones, pyranonigrin A, pyrophen, tensidol A and B |
| A. tubingensis ((Schober) Mosseray 1934) | 3-5 | White to pink, 0.5-0.8 | Grape, cocoa, coffee, soil, cereals | +/− | Asperazine, funalenone, naphtho-γ-pyrones, pyranonigrin A, tensidol A & B |
| Uniseriates | |||||
| A. aculeatus (lizuka 1953) | 4-5 | − | Grape, papaya, pistachio, rice, tomato | − | Secalonic acid D & F |
| A. japonicus (Saito 1906) | 4-5 | white to cream, 0.5 | Grape, green coffee berries, pineapple, sesame seed | − | Secalonic acid D & F |
| A. uvarum (Perrone et al. submitted) | 3-4 | dark brown to black | Grape | − | Secalonic acid D, geodin, erdin, asterric acid |