Reagents, conditions and yields: (a) SOCl2, EtOH, 80%; (b) Et3N, DMF, 60%; (c) LiAlH4, THF, 70%; (d) MnO2, CH2Cl2, 75% ; (e) Tetramethylguanidine, CH2Cl2, 65%; (f) H2/Pd-C, CH3OH, 50%; (g) Br2, CH3COOH, 65%; (h) Zn(CN)2, Pd(PPh3)4, 35%; (i) 20% CF3COOH, CH2Cl2, 100%; (j) R2-CHO, NaCNBH3, CH3OH, 55–60%; (k) R1-SO2Cl, DIPEA, CH2Cl2, 15–20%.