Table 1.
Summary of Epidemiologic Studies that Examined the Association Between Sleep Duration and Diabetes Incidence
| Longitudinal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Sample | Follow-up period, y | Covariates in multivariate analyses |
| Ayas et al11 | 70,026 U.S. women aged 40–65 y | 10 | Physical activity, depression, alcohol, age, smoking, BMI, hypertension, shiftworking, hypercholesterolemia, snoring, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of diabetes |
| Bjorkelund et al12 | 661 Swedish women aged 38–60 y | 32 | Age, BMI, waist-hip ratio, subscapular skinfold |
| Mallon et al13 | 1187 Swedish women and men aged 45–65 y | 12 | Depression, alcohol, age, obesity, hypertension, smoking, not married, living alone, snoring, sex |
| Yaggi et al14 | 1139 US men aged 40–70 y | 15–17 | Education, age, hypertension, smoking, self-rated health status, waist circumference, testosterone |
| Cross-Sectional | |||
| Source | Sample | Covariates in multivariate analyses | |
| Gottlieb et al15 | 1486 US diabetic and nondiabetic women and men, aged 53–93 y | Age, sex, ethnicity, waist girth, apnea-hypopnea index | |
| Knutson et al16 | 161 US diabetic African-American women and men; average age = 57 ± 12 y | Age, sex, BMI, insulin use, presence of major complications | |
BMI refers to body mass index.