Figure 1).

Various regulatory pathways involved in the modulation of autophagy are shown. The inductive signals are shown by arrows, whereas inhibitory signals are shown as lines with blocked termini. The general stimulatory effect of rapamycin is shown by a broken arrow. The general inductive signals stimulating autophagy are shown on the top right, whereas those specific to the myocardium are shown in the bottom right. 4E BP1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase; Atg Autophagy-related genes; PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Rheb Ras homologue enriched in brain; S6K p70 S6 kinase; TSC 1/2 Tuberous sclerosis 1/2