Table 1.
Participant characteristics and performance (N = 49)
| Mean (SD) or % | |
|---|---|
| Female | 51% |
| Years of age (range: 12 to 18) | 14.76 (1.73) |
| Caucasian | 78% |
| Annual household income | 89.45K (44.82) |
| Grade point average | 3.56 (0.48) |
| Number of grades completed | 8.08 (1.60) |
| Attention domain: | |
| Digits forward (raw score)* | |
| Age (12−14) | 9.54 (1.82) |
| Age (15−17) | 10.05 (2.74) |
| CVLT-C List A trial one | 53.78 (9.98) |
| Executive function domain: | |
| Trails number-letter switching time* | |
| Halstead TMT B | 53.30 (14.38) |
| DKEFS Trails Condition 3 | 68.23 (16.86) |
| Color-word interference time (in seconds)* | |
| Golden Stoop Test | 41.65 (8.35) |
| DKEFS Color-Word Interference Test Condition 3 | |
| Age (12−13.5) | 67.50 (14.91) |
| Age (13.5−14.9) | 52.75 (7.19) |
| Language domain: | |
| Vocabulary (T-score) | 57.76 (8.20) |
| Reading (Standard score) | 108.94 (9.30) |
| Learning/Memory domain: | |
| CVLT-C List A total recall (trials 1−5) (T-score) | 51.43 (9.28) |
| CVLT-C short-delay free recall (T-score) | 50.41 (7.96) |
| CVLT-C long-delay free recall (T-score) | 50.04 (9.39) |
| CVLT-C recognition discriminability (T-score) | 50.91 (7.12) |
| Rey-O delayed recall accuracy (raw score)* | 14.83 (4.75) |
| Visuomotor/Processing speed domain: | |
| Coding/Digit Symbol (T-score) | 50.65 (9.58) |
| Trails number sequencing time (in seconds)* | |
| Halstead TMT A | 16.25 (6.13) |
| DKEFS Trails Condition 1 | 32.08 (7.89) |
| Visuospatial domain: | |
| Block Design | 56.08 (8.87) |
| Rey-O copy accuracy (raw score)* | |
| Age (12−13.5) | 27.05 (2.92) |
| Age (13.5−14.9) | 27.14 (3.93) |
| Working memory domain: | |
| Arithmetic (T-score) | 50.39 (10.95) |
| Digits Backward (raw score)* | |
| Age (12−14) | 5.46 (1.88) |
| Age (15−17) | 6.71 (2.26) |
| Vigilance condition reaction time (in milliseconds) | 636.63 (73.12) |
| Vigilance condition accuracy | 95.62% |
| SWM condition reaction time (in milliseconds) | 605.00 (70.01) |
| SWM condition accuracy | 88.87% |
*
Scores were calculated based on each participant's raw score and the sample mean