Fig. 3.
SFN induces ARE expression through disruption of the Keap1–Nrf2 complex. SFN can interact directly with sulfhydryl residues on Keap1, causing Nrf2 to be released. Alternatively, SFN can activate the MAPK pathway, causing phosphorylation of Keap1 and release of Nrf2. Once released, Nrf2 enters the nucleus, where it transactivates ARE-responsive genes.