Table 3.

Risk of Adverse Events Over 6 Months

		Nonopioids N = 1387			LAOs N = 120			SAOs N = 693
Adverse Events	No Analgesics N = 1467	N	Propensity-Adjusted OR	95% CI	N	Propensity- Adjusted OR	95% CI	N	Propensity-Adjusted OR	95% CI
Falls	212	185	0.88	.70–1.1	17	0.99	.56–1.72	83	0.81	.60–1.08
Constipation	117	94	0.89	.66–1.19	n < 11	0.89	.41–1.91	62	1.24	.87–1.76
Pneumonia	28	26	1.01	.57–1.78	n < 11	0.56	.12–2.52	11	0.70	.32–1.50
GI bleeding	54	42	0.79	.51–1.21	n < 11	0.85	.29–2.47	15	0.53	.28–.98
Renal failure	13	n < 11	0.50	.18–1.36	n < 11	2.16	.43–10.73	n < 11	1.05	.37–2.98
Delirium	129	109	0.87	.65–1.14	12	1.09	.56–2.10	51	0.79	.55–1.14
Depression	63	50	0.87	.58–1.28	n < 11	0.88	.30–2.53	32	1.20	.74–1.92

Notes: All drug categories are for standing doses of each category. The reference group is no analgesics, and adverse events are adjusted for concomitant medications (steroids, diuretics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics) and comorbidities (age, sex, race, activities of daily living [ADL] scale score, cognitive performance score [CPS] score, pain frequency, and pain intensity). Data for dehydration not shown because n < 11. Due to the current policy regarding disclosure of Medicare Beneficiary Data and concerns about confidentiality, data for patients with n < 11 are not specified.

LAO = long-acting opioid; SAO = short-acting opioid; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; GI = gastrointestinal.