Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Subjects by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Score
| MMSE Score
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics* | <24 (n = 52) | ≥24 (n = 259) | P-value |
| Age, n (%) | .007 | ||
| 65–74 | 14 (26.9) | 118 (45.6) | |
| 75–84 | 15 (28.8) | 80 (3.9) | |
| ≥85 | 23 (44.2) | 61 (23.5) | |
| Race, n (%) | <.001 | ||
| White | 22 (42.3) | 191 (73.8) | |
| Black | 30 (57.7) | 68 (26.2) | |
| Education, years, n (%) | <.001 | ||
| 0–8 | 38 (74.5) | 101 (39.0) | |
| 9–11 | 5 (9.8) | 58 (22.4) | |
| ≥12 | 8 (15.7) | 100 (38.6) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | .63 | ||
| Never | 30 (57.7) | 129 (49.8) | |
| Former | 17 (32.7) | 98 (37.8) | |
| Current | 5 (9.6) | 32 (12.4) | |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 3 (5.8) | 42 (16.2) | .05 |
| Exercise, n (%) | 6 (13.3) | 25 (1.3) | .60 |
| Low physical activity, n (%) | 32 (65.3) | 113 (45.9) | .02 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 8 (15.4) | 58 (22.4) | .35 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) n (%) | .04 | ||
| Normal (<25) | 18 (42.9) | 63 (26.3) | |
| Overweight (25–30) | 15 (35.7) | 84 (35.0) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 9 (21.4) | 93 (38.7) | |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%) | 18 (34.6) | 64 (25.3) | .17 |
| Resting heart rate, mean ± SD | 74.4 ± 11.8 | 71.9 ± 11.4 | .17 |
| SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 142.7 ± 21.2 | 139.3 ± 22.2 | .30 |
| DBP mmHg, mean ± SD | 66.4 ± 1.9 | 65.4 ± 16.3 | .59 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, n (%) | .15 | ||
| <200 | 12 (36.4) | 60 (29.0) | |
| 200–239 | 15 (45.4) | 74 (35.7) | |
| ≥240 | 6 (18.2) | 73 (35.3) | |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)† | 2.40 (1.63, 3.09) | 2.30 (1.47, 3.59) | .92 |
| Short Geriatric Depression Scale score>5, n (%) | 17 (32.7) | 50 (19.3) | .04 |
| Disease prevalence, n (%) | |||
| Angina | 11 (21.2) | 79 (3.5) | .24 |
| Myocardial infarction | 11 (21.2) | 33 (12.7) | .13 |
| Congestive heart failure | 9 (17.3) | 66 (25.5) | .29 |
| Hypertension | 34 (66.7) | 146 (56.4) | .21 |
| Stroke | 7 (13.5) | 33 (12.7) | .82 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11 (21.2) | 56 (21.6) | 1.00 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 25 (48.1) | 64 (24.7) | .001 |
| Pulmonary disease | 17 (32.7) | 117 (45.2) | .13 |
| Heart rate variability, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)† | |||
| SDNN, ms | 40.5 (28, 65) | 44 (32, 60) | .67 |
| SDANN, ms | 39 (30, 53.5) | 44.5 (34, 57) | .09 |
| RMSSD, ms | 33 (19.5, 69.5) | 32 (23, 56) | .97 |
| NN50, counts | 131 (47, 864) | 222 (67, 731) | .60 |
| VLF, ms2 | 647 (376, 982) | 761 (470, 1385) | .04 |
| LF, ms2 | 276 (156, 991) | 358 (186, 688) | .51 |
| HF, ms2 | 233 (74, 815) | 201 (109, 530) | .82 |
Missing observations are 1 for education, 22 for exercise, 16 for low physical activity, 29 for body mass index (BMI), 6 for left ventricular hypertrophy, 1 for systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), 71 for total cholesterol, 79 for interleukin-6, 1 for hypertension, 3 for standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of the average normal RR intervals over a 5-minute period (SDANN), and square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal RR intervals (RMSSD), and 11 for number of interval differences of successive normal RR intervals >50 ms (NN50), very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF).
Summarized as median [25th percentile, 75th percentile], because of skewed distribution.
SD = standard deviation.