Table 2.

Comparison of Sleep Outcomes Between Diabetic Participants with and without Restless Legs Syndrome

Outcome Variable1	Cases (n = 18)	Controls (n = 21)	Effect Size2	95% CI or p value
Global PSQI score	12.9 (± 3.3)	6.7 (± 5.8)	D = 6.11d	2.49 – 9.73
Sleep category
Good	0 (0.0)	8 (44.4)	(ref)
Poor	17 (100.0)	10 (55.6)	OR = 28.3d	1.48 – 542.99
Component scores
1. Subjective sleep quality	2.2 (± 0.8)	1.0 (± 1.0)	Z = 3.22d	0.001
2. Sleep latency	1.9 (± 1.1)	1.0 (± 1.2)	Z = 2.14c	0.040
3. Sleep duration	2.1 (± 0.9)	1.5 (± 1.4)	Z = 1.07	0.308
4. Habitual sleep efficiency	1.9 (± 1.1)	1.1 (± 1.3)	Z = 2.22c	0.035
5. Sleep disturbance	1.7 (± 0.6)	1.3 (± 0.8)	Z = 1.33	0.229
6. Sleep medications	1.2 (± 1.6)	0.2 (± 0.7)	Z = 3.91e	< 0.001
7. Daytime dysfunction	1.6 (± 0.8)	0.7 (± 0.9)	Z = 2.85d	0.005
ESS	10.3 (± 5.1)	8.4 (± 6.0)	D = 1.94	−1.81 – 5.70
FSS	3.8 (± 1.2)	2.6 (± 1.6)	D = 1.19c	0.20 – 2.18
CES-D	18.4 (± 9.1)	12.1 (± 11.6)	D = 6.25	−0.47 – 12.96
HbA1c	7.1 (± 1.5)	7.4 (±1.5)	D = −0.30	−1.32 – 0.72

Data are reported as frequencies (%) or mean (± SD). PSQI refers to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval.

^aResponses within a variable may not sum to 100% due to missing values.

^bCases and controls compared via a t-test, Fisher exact test, and Mann-Whitney U tests (component scores). Odds ratio (OR) for cases (with restless legs syndrome) versus controls (without restless legs syndrome), difference (D) for cases-controls, or z-values (Z) from nonparametric test.

^cp < 0.05;

^dp < 0.01;

^ep < 0.001