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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Mar 31.
Published in final edited form as: J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007 Mar;8(1):23–33. doi: 10.3317/jraas.2007.003

Figure 4.

Figure 4

A schematic diagram showing classic and alternative pathways by which extracellular Ang II induces biological actions in proximal tubule cells, namely through activation of cell surface AT1-receptors under acute physiological settings and/or intracellular AT1-receptors (cytoplasmic and nuclear) following endocytosis under pathophysiological conditions. While the classic pathway plays an essential role in the physiological regulation of proximal tubular transport, the alternative pathway may play a critical role in the development of hypertension and Ang II-induced tubulo-interstitial injury.