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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Feb 6.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2007 Dec 5;151(3):701–710. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.031

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Depolarizations of cultured rat cortical neurons by Tat30-86. A, Tat30-86 (50 nM) applied by superfusion produced a small membrane depolarization with no detectable changes in membrane resistance. The broken line denotes resting membrane potential. B, a higher concentration of Tat30-86 (500 nM) produced a long-lasting depolarization accompanied by intense discharge and a marked decrease in membrane resistance. C, Tat30-86 (1000 nM) induced a long-lasting depolarization in a neuron pretreated with tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.5 μM). A, B and C represent actual recordings from three different neurons. Downward deflections superimposed on the membrane potential are hyperpolarizing electrotonic potentials induced by constant current pulses (30 pA, 300 ms) and are used to monitor membrane resistance changes. D, concentration-response relationship of Tat-induced depolarizations; data points represent mean ± S.E. of 3-6 neurons. E. Depolarizations of cerebral cortical neurons induced by Tat 30-86 as monitored by optical imaging using DiSBAC4(3); the depolarization is slightly reduced by pretreatment with AP-5 and CNQX; recordings are from two different neurons.