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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Oct 23;21(2):370–379. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.10.004

Figure 3. TNF Regulation of Cell Death and Survival.

Figure 3

TNF binding to TNFR1 stimulates two signaling complexes with opposing effects on cell survival. Complex I (pro-survival) triggers the NF-κB pathway which up regulates the expression of XIAP, a protease that inhibits apoptosis by blocking the caspase signaling cascade. On the other hand, complex II (pro-death) promotes apoptosis by stimulating Fas associated death domain (FADD). This induces apoptosis by stimulating cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and by activating caspases-3, -8 and -10. Cell fate is influenced by the balance of these signaling effects.