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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Surgery. 2007 Dec 27;143(3):334–342. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.09.039

Fig. 3. Exogenous ghrelin pretreatment inhibits LPS-induced release of TNF-α in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner through GHS-R in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Fig. 3

The measurements are expressed in pg/ml units+/-SD and are derived from three independent experiments. Fig.3a shows that LPS stimulates the release of TNF-α from the RAW 264.7 macrophages (*, p<0.05 vs. no treatment) and ghrelin pretreatment 4 h prior to LPS treatment (1μg/ml) for 24 h significantly inhibits release of TNF-α (**, p<0.05 vs. LPS alone). Fig.3b shows that ghrelin mediated inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α release is time-dependent being most pronounced at 6 hours after LPS treatment (*p<0.05 vs. LPS treatment). Fig 3c demonstrates that GHS-R antagonist D[lys-3]-GHRP-6 significantly but not completely abolishes ghrelin-mediated inhibition of TNF-α release as measured after 24 h (*, p <0.05 vs. no treatment; **, p<0.05 vs. LPS alone; Ψ, p < 0.05 vs. LPS+ghrelin).