Table 1.

Comparisons of sister-species pairs from some major clades of birds. Sister-species pairs, probability of chance reciprocal phylogeny (p), and reference for phylogenetic relationship (r).

Sister-species pairs		p	r	Sister-species pairs		p	r
Acridotheres tristis	A. ginginianus	4.7 × 10-6	[52]	Melospiza lincolnii	M. georgiana	9.7 × 10-5	[53]
Actitis hypoleucos	A. macularius	2.3 × 10-4	[47]	Mitu tuberosum	M. salvini	5.0 × 10-2	[54]
Aethia cristatella	A. psittacula	4.1 × 10-3	[48]	Molothrus bonariensis	M. aeneus	6.1 × 10-4	[55]
Aethia pygmaea	A. cristatella	4.1 × 10-3	[48]	Morus capensis	M. serrator	5.1 × 10-3	[56]
Aethia pygmaea	A. psittacula	4.1 × 10-3	[48]	Numenius phaeopus	N. tahitiensis	8.8 × 10-4	a
Aptenodytes forsteri	A. patagonicus	5.1 × 10-3	[49]	Passerina ciris	P. versicolor	5.0 × 10-2	[57]
Apteryx haastii	A. owenii	2.0 × 10-2	[50]	Phalaropus fulicarius	P. lobatus	3.1 × 10-5	a
Apteryx mantelli	A. rowi	4.2 × 10-4	[50]	Pheucticus melanocephalus	P. ludovicianus	1.9 × 10-3	[58]
Archilochus colubris	A. alexandri	5.1 × 10-3	[59, 60]	Picoides nuttallii	P. scalaris	2.7 × 10-2	[61]
Brachyramphus brevirostris	B. marmoratus	7.6 × 10-5	[48]	Puffinus bulleri	P. pacificus	2.0 × 10-4	[62]
Bubo virginianus	B. scandiacus	1.0 × 10-5	[63]	Pygoscelis antarcticus	P. papua	1.4 × 10-5	[49]
Bucephala clangula	B. islandica	5.1 × 10-5	[64]	Recurvirostra americana	R. andina	6.9 × 10-3	[65]
Calamospiza melanocorys	Chondestes grammacus	1.6 × 10-2	[53]	Rhea pennata	R. americana	9.5 × 10-3	[66]
Calcarius pictus	C. ornatus	6.9 × 10-3	[67]	Rissa brevirostris	R. tridactyla	2.8 × 20-3	[48]
Tringa semipalmata	T. flavipes	2.2 × 10-5	[47]	Spheniscus demersus	S. magellanicus	9.5 × 10-3	[49]
Centrocercus minimus	C. urophasianus	1.6 × 10-2	[68]	Sialia currucoides	S. mexicana	2.3 × 10-4	[69]
Chlidonias leucopterus	C. niger	1.6 × 10-2	[46]	Sialia sialis	S. mexicana	4.5 × 10-5	[69]
Cyanocitta cristata	C. stelleri	5.1 × 10-5	[70]	Spizella breweri	S. passerina	1.2 × 10-6	[53]
Dendragapus fuliginosus	D. obscurus	5.0 × 10-2	[71]	Spizella pallida	S. breweri	7.7 × 10-5	[53]
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus	E. robustus	2.7 × 10-2	[49]	Stercorarius parasiticus	S. longicaudus	6.4 × 10-6	[72]
Euphagus carolinus	E. cyanocephalus	1.9 × 10-3	[73]	Hydroprogne caspia	Gelochelidonnilotica	6.4 × 10-6	[46]
Fratercula arctica	F. corniculata	6.1 × 10-4	[48]	Thalasseus sandvicensis	T. elegans	5.1 × 10-5	[46]
Cerorhinca monocerata	Fratercula cirrhata	3.0 × 10-3	[48]	Sternula antillarum	S. superciliaris	9.5 × 10-3	[46]
Tringa brevipes	T. incana	2.0 × 10-2	[47]	Sturnella neglecta	S. magna	2.3 × 10-4	[55]
Himantopus himantopus	Hi. leucocephalus	3.0 × 10-3	[65]	Sturnia malabarica	Temenuchus pagodarum	1.0 × 10-2	[52]
Himantopus melanurus	Hi. mexicanus	9.5 × 10-3	[65]	Synthliboramphus antiquus	S. wumizusume	2.7 × 10-2	[48]
Icterus galbula	I. bullockii	4.3 × 10-4	[74]	Toxostoma rufum	T. curvirostre	1.0 × 10-2	[52]
Jacana spinosa	J. jacana	5.0 × 10-2	[75]	Tringa glareola	T. totanus	2.2 × 10-5	[47]
Lagopus muta	L. lagopus	1.2 × 10-6	[76]	Tringa melanoleuca	T. nebularia	2.3 × 10-4	[47]
Limnodromus griseus	L. scolopaceus	1.9 × 10-3	[77]	Uria aalge	U. lomvia	2.3 × 10-4	[48]

a- genus comprising few species.