Abstract
We report on the development and testing of two monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunodiagnostic test kits, BengalScreen, a coagglutination test, and Bengal DFA, a direct fluorescent-antibody test, for direct detection of Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal in clinical and environmental specimens. The BengalScreen test requires less than 5 min to complete and can be used in the field. Bengal DFA, being more sensitive than BengalScreen, requires only one reagent and less than 20 min for detection and enumeration of V. cholerae O139 synonym Bengal. In tests for specificity, all 40 strains of V. cholerae O139 reacted with both test kits, whereas 157 strains of heterologous species examined did not, yielding 100% specificity in this study. A field trial was conducted in with both BengalScreen and Bengal DFA, and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional culture methods. BengalScreen demonstrated a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 94%. Results obtained by Bengal DFA, on the other hand, were 100% sensitive and 100% specific and yielded 100% positive and negative predictive values compared with culture methods. In a second evaluation, 93 stool specimens from Mexico that were negative for V. cholerae O139 by culture were also tested with both the BengalScreen and Bengal DFA kits. None of the 93 specimens were positive for V. cholerae O139 by both tests. A concentration method was optimized for screening of environmental water samples for V. cholerae O139 synonym Bengal with rapid test kits. BengalScreen results were unequivocally positive when water samples contained at least 2.0 x 10(3) CFU/ml, whereas Bengal DFA demonstrated an unequivocally positive reaction when the water sample contained at least 1.5 x 10(2) CFU/ml. When Bengal DFA was compared with conventional culture methods for enumeration of V. cholerae O139 synonym Bengal organisms, no difference was observed.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (312.2 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abbott S. L., Janda J. M. Rapid detection of acute cholera in airline passengers by coagglutination assay. J Infect Dis. 1993 Sep;168(3):797–799. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.3.797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bhattacharya M. K., Bhattacharya S. K., Garg S., Saha P. K., Dutta D., Nair G. B., Deb B. C., Das K. P. Outbreak of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 in India and Bangladesh. Lancet. 1993 May 22;341(8856):1346–1347. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90855-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carillo L., Gilman R. H., Mantle R. E., Nunez N., Watanabe J., Moron J., Quispe V., Ramirez-Ramos A. Rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 in stools of Peruvian cholera patients by using monoclonal immunodiagnostic kits. Loyaza Cholera Working Group in Peru. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Mar;32(3):856–857. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.3.856-857.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Colwell R. R., Hasan J. A., Huq A., Loomis L., Siebeling R. J., Torres M., Galvez S., Islam S., Tamplin M. T., Bernstein D. Development and evaluation of a rapid, simple, sensitive, monoclonal antibody-based co-agglutination test for direct detection of Vibrio cholerae 01. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Oct 15;76(3):215–219. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(92)90339-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garg S., Ramamurthy T., Mukhopadhyay A. K., Deb B. C., Nair G. B., Shimada T., Takeda T., Huq A., Colwell R. R., Takeda Y. Production and cross-reactivity patterns of a panel of high affinity monoclonal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1994 May;8(4):293–298. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00455.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hasan J. A., Bernstein D., Huq A., Loomis L., Tamplin M. L., Colwell R. R. Cholera DFA: an improved direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody staining kit for rapid detection and enumeration of Vibrio cholerae O1. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994 Jul 1;120(1-2):143–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07021.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hasan J. A., Huq A., Tamplin M. L., Siebeling R. J., Colwell R. R. A novel kit for rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O1. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jan;32(1):249–252. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.1.249-252.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huq A., Colwell R. R., Rahman R., Ali A., Chowdhury M. A., Parveen S., Sack D. A., Russek-Cohen E. Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment by fluorescent-monoclonal antibody and culture methods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Aug;56(8):2370–2373. doi: 10.1128/aem.56.8.2370-2373.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Islam M. S., Hasan M. K., Miah M. A., Qadri F., Yunus M., Sack R. B., Albert M. J. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal from water in Bangladesh. Lancet. 1993 Aug 14;342(8868):430–430. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92840-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Qadri F., Chowdhury A., Hossain J., Chowdhury K., Azim T., Shimada T., Islam K. M., Sack R. B., Albert M. J. Development and evaluation of rapid monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test for direct detection of Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal in stool samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jun;32(6):1589–1590. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.6.1589-1590.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Qadri F., Hasan J. A., Hossain J., Chowdhury A., Begum Y. A., Azim T., Loomis L., Sack R. B., Albert M. J. Evaluation of the monoclonal antibody-based kit Bengal SMART for rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal in stool samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Mar;33(3):732–734. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.3.732-734.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swerdlow D. L., Ries A. A. Vibrio cholerae non-O1--the eighth pandemic? Lancet. 1993 Aug 14;342(8868):382–383. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92806-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]