Table 1.

Characteristics of diabetic participants (Health, Aging, and Body Composition study) ^*

Characteristic	Mean ± SD or %
Age at baseline (yr)	73.6 ± 2.7
Gender (men)	55.4%
Race (white)	52.9%
Weight (kg)	80.7 ± 14.6
Body mass index (kg/m2)	28.8 ± 4.5
Duration of diabetes (yr) †	12.8 ± 12.4
Hemoglobin A1C (%)	7.6 ± 1.6
Insulin use	14.1%
Among those who were not using insulin:
Sulfonylurea use	40.7%
Metformin use	9.7%
Thiazolidinedione use	1.3%
No hypoglycemic medication use	57.4%
Peripheral nerve function
Loss of light touch discrimination (unable to detect 5.07 monofilament) ‡	22.5%
Peroneal nerve conduction velocity: popliteal fossa–ankle (m/s) ‡ ,#	41 ± 8
Peroneal nerve compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude at popliteal fossa (mV) ‡ ,**	3.0 ± 1.9
Vibration perception threshold (microns) ‡	57.8 ± 37.2
Vision
Corrected visual acuity 20/50 or worse (%)§	6.7%
Poor contrast sensitivity §,∥	12.6%
Poor depth perception §,¶	15.2%
Renal function
Cystatin C (mg/L) ††	1.04 ± 0.27
Estimated GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2	18.8%
Blood pressure
Seated systolic BP (mm Hg)	138 ± 20
SBP: Standing-seated (mm Hg)	2.6 ± 10.6
Seated diastolic BP (mm Hg)	71 ± 11
DBP: Standing-seated (mm Hg)	4.4 ± 9.6

^*N = 446

^†Excludes those diagnosed at the baseline visit

^‡Measured at Visit 4

^§Measured at Visit 3

^∥Log contrast sensitivity ≤ 1.3

^¶Worst score (999) on Frisby stereopsis test

^#NCV <40 m/s is usually considered abnormal (30)

^**CMAP < 1.5mV is usually considered abnormal (30)

^††Reference range for 65 years and older: 0.61-1.23 mg/L (31)