Table 2.
Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for association between selected variables and more frequent falls in older adults with diabetes
| Variable (units) | Minimally adjusted * OR (95% CI) |
Model 1† OR (95% CI) |
Model 2 ‡ OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight change | |||
| Wt loss (≥2 kg) | 1.54 (1.21, 1.95) | 1.56 (1.22, 1.98) | 1.58 (1.23, 2.01) |
| Stable wt (less than 2kg) | 1.00 ref | 1.00 ref | 1.00 ref |
| Wt gain (≥2 kg) | 1.34 (1.03, 1.75) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) | 1.26 (0.96, 1.66) |
| Insulin use & A1C | |||
| Among those using insulin: | |||
| A1C >8% | 1.00 ref | 1.00 ref | 1.00 ref |
| 7%<A1C≤8% | 1.08 (0.57, 2.07) | 1.09 (0.57, 2.11) | 1.15 (0.60, 2.22) |
| 6%<A1C≤7% | 1.19 (0.53, 2.68) | 1.31 (0.58, 2.99) | 1.27 (0.56, 2.91) |
| A1C≤6% | 3.78 (1.14, 12.51) | 4.36 (1.32, 14.46) | 4.10 (1.24, 13.54) |
| Among those not using insulin: | |||
| A1C >8% | 1.00 ref | 1.00 Ref | 1.00 ref |
| 7%<A1C≤8% | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.19) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) |
| 6%<A1C≤7% | 1.00 (0.68, 1.49) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.49) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.45) |
| A1C≤6% | 0.93 (0.59, 1.44) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) | 0.83 (0.52, 1.31) |
| Insulin use in those with A1C>8% | 1.15 (0.65, 2.04) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.72) | 0.88 (0.50, 1.55) |
| Peripheral nerve function | |||
| Peroneal nerve response amplitude (≤1.5mV)§ | 1.71 (1.19, 2.44) | 1.50 (1.07, 2.12) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.94) |
| Vibration perception threshold (≤26.79 microns)§ | 1.38 (0.94, 2.03) | --- | --- |
| Monofilament detection (Neither vs either) ∥ | 1.74 (1.10, 2.78) | --- | --- |
| Vision | |||
| Contrast sensitivity (≤1.4)§ | 1.86 (1.27, 2.73) | 1.41 (0.97, 2.04) | 1.24 (0.86, 1.79) |
| Visual acuity (≥0.20 logmar)§ | 1.53 (1.05, 2.23) | --- | --- |
| Depth perception (worst score vs all others) | 1.47 (1.05, 2.05) | --- | --- |
| Renal function | |||
| Cystatin-C (mg/L) (per 0.38 mg/L) | 1.52 (1.23, 1.88) | 1.38 (1.11, 1.71) | 1.25 (1.01, 1.55) |
| Estimated GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.44 (0.96, 2.16) | --- | --- |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Change in DBP: standing-seated (below median) | 1.50 (1.18, 1.90) | 1.54 (1.21, 1.95) | 1.53 (1.21, 1.95) |
| Physical performance | |||
| Grip strength (per 10 kg) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | --- | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) |
| Standing balance (per 10 sec) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) | --- | 0.79 (0.70, 0.88) |
| 6m normal walk (sec) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.30) | --- | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) |
| Knee extensor strength (per 10 Nm) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.98) | --- | --- |
*
Adjusted for clinic site and visit year
†
Model 1: Includes weight change, insulin use, A1C, peroneal nerve response amplitude, contrast sensitivity, cystatin-C, change in DBP , plus clinic site, visit year, age, race, gender, use of antidepressant drugs, use of calcium channel blocker, high depression score (CES-D >9).
‡
Model 2: Model 1 plus grip strength, standing balance, 6m normal walk
§
Worst quartile vs all others
∥
4.17 and 5.07 filaments