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Litter sizes of F1×F1 pairings (black bars) contrasted with (a) pairings between F1 and cross-lineage wolves (fixed effects, p=0.016), (b) early McBride (MB) lineage pairings with low inbreeding and contemporary McBride pairings (fixed effects, p=0.0002), and (c) Ghost Ranch (GR) pairings with intermediate and maximal inbreeding levels (fixed effects p=0.003). The p-values refer to pairwise contrasts with F1×F1 pairings. Error bars show standard errors.
