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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Mech Ageing Dev. 2007 Mar 25;128(5-6):355–364. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.03.004

Table 3.

Selective forces operating on GenAge categories by selection process.

GenAge categorya n Ka/Ks p-value highb p-value lowb n in 4-way comparisonsc Ka/Ks in hominids Ka/Ks in murids Homo AA diff.d Pan AA diff.d
human 3 0.472 0.017 0.99 2 0.46 0.22 4 8
mammal 21 0.331 0.0026 1 9 0.32 0.20 9 10
model 22 0.083 1 4.6E−07 14 0.069 0.10 2 3
cell 14 0.109 1 5.7E−4 6 0.068 0.19 2 1
functional 55 0.184 0.99 0.017 22 0.094 0.11 8 4
upstream 25 0.138 1 1.1E−3 15 0.18 0.21 9 2
downstream 46 0.097 1 7.6E−16 28 0.085 0.080 22 17
putative 56 0.159 1 2.3E−4 38 0.15 0.13 16 19
a

Genes linked to aging based on: human = evidence directly linking the gene product to aging in humans; mammal = evidence directly linking the gene product to aging in a non-human mammalian model organism; model = evidence directly linking the gene product to aging in a non-mammalian animal model organism; cell = evidence directly linking the gene product to aging in a cellular model system; functional = evidence linking the gene product to a pathway or mechanism linked to aging; upstream = evidence directly linking the gene product to the regulation or control of genes previously linked to aging; downstream = evidence showing the gene product to act downstream of a pathway, mechanism, or other gene product linked with aging; putative = indirect or inconclusive evidence linking the gene product to aging.

b

This binomial probability is not used to directly reject the null hypothesis of a given GenAge category not undergoing rapid (probability high) or slow (probability low) evolution but provides a metric to identify categories potentially undergoing rapid or slow evolution. The test statistic threshold was set at 0.001 (see Materials and Methods).

c

Ka/Ks ratios in hominids are based on 4-way alignments and hence are expected to be different from Ka/Ks ratios based on only chimpanzee and human alignments, as described (Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, 2005).

d

Amino acid differences (AA diff.) represent amino acid changes estimated to have occurred specifically in the human (Homo) or chimpanzee (Pan) lineage.