Table 1.

Studies of reproductive phenotypes of female PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ-null or transgenic mice.

PPAR isotype		Reproductive phenotypes	References
PPARα	KO	Maternal abortion and neonatal death; altered ovarian estradiol production	Yessoufou et al. [20], Lefebvre et al. [4]
	TG	Defect in mammary gland development; defect in lactation during pregnancy	Yang et al. [50]
PPARβ/δ	KO	Placental defects; frequent (>90%) midgestation lethality; placenta lipid accumulation defects	Barak et al. [19], Nadra et al. [57]
PPARγ	KO	Embryonic death at embryo day 10; embryonic lipid droplets lacking; placental malformed labyrinth zone; toxic milk	Barak et al. [17], Kubota et al. [18], Wan et al. [71]
	TG	Exacerbates mammary gland tumor development	Saez et al. [73]

KO: global or tissue-specific knockout; TG: tissue-specific transgenic.