Rats were left untreated or preconditioned via whole body hyperthermia. Some of the animals were then subjected to haemorrhagic shock. Animals were killed, alveolar macrophages were recovered from BAL fluid and were cultured ex vivo for 24 h with or without stimulation with LPS (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 ng ml−1). Nitrite production (μm per 24 h) (mean ± s.e.m.) is shown for control (○) and haemorrhaged and resuscitated rats (•), and control (□) and haemorrhaged and resuscitated rats (▪) pretreated with whole body hyperthermia; *P < 0.05 from control rats.