Table 2.

The effects of the prebiotics on the mechanisms of intestinal pathophysiology

Prebiotics	Effects on intestinal pathophysiology
Common effects	Reduction of intraluminal pH
	Favouring of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli vs. Bacteroidaceae
	Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production
	Regulate colonic mucosa physiology via the production of SCFA
Lactulose	Reduction of MPO activity
	Production of TNF-α and leukotriene B
Germinated barley foodstuff	Decrease in serum IL-8 and α1-acid glycoprotein
Fructo-oligosaccharides	Upregulation of IL-10 expression in dendritic cells
Goat's milk oligosaccharides	Decrease the colonic MPO activity, increase MUC-3