Figure 13.

FRQ character transformation: a numerical example. This example illustrates the transformation of characters according to FRQ: (a) hypothetical three-character nucleotide alignment for the associates A1 to A5; (b) distribution of the associates on the hosts H1 and H2; (c) the three associate characters transformed to twelve (three times the number of character states) characters of the host. The standardized Euclidean distance between H1 and H2 calculated from these characters is 0.180.