Female pristane-induced lupus mice have significantly greater kidney disease pathology as compared to males. (A) In one experiment, 8 female and 12 male pristane-injected mice were sacrificed at 32 weeks post-injection. (B) In a second experiment, twelve female and fifteen male pristane-injected mice were sacrificed at 21 weeks post-injection. H&E- and PAS-stained kidney sections from both experiments were scored for lesions. Kidney pathology scores were quantified and statistically analyzed by the Wilcoxon test. (A) Note that at a late stage in the disease (32 weeks post-pristane injection), female mice experienced significantly more severe pristane-induced lupus disease pathology overall than their male siblings, p<0.03. (B) At an earlier stage (21 weeks post-pristane injection), females experienced significantly more glomerular hypercellularity and necrosis (Glm cell), p<0.0128, and also displayed a trend for greater disease pathology overall, greater glomerulosclerosis (GSc), greater cellular crescent formation (Cres/PGF) and greater interstitial infiltration (PVI), while there was no sex difference in tubular disease (Tub dz). Histograms show means and SEM for mice in each group. *p<0.05.