Table 1. Risk factors for Leptospira antibodies among subjects at the slum community site.
| Variables | Leptospira antibodies | PR (95% CI) | ||
| Yes (n = 489) | No (n = 2,682) | Univariatea | Multivariateb | |
| No. (%) or median (IQR) c | ||||
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, years | ||||
| 05–14 | 71 (15) | 781 (29) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 15–24 | 136 (28) | 704 (26) | 1.98 (1.47–2.61) | 2.02 (1.50–2.69) |
| 25–34 | 122 (25) | 524 (20) | 2.31 (1.71–3.07) | 2.54 (1.86–3.41) |
| 35–44 | 73 (15) | 350 (13) | 2.11 (1.50–2.88) | 2.24 (1.59–3.08) |
| ≥45 | 87 (18) | 323 (12) | 2.60 (1.88–3.51) | 2.92 (2.10–4.00) |
| Male gender | 247 (51) | 1140 (43) | 1.32 (1.10–1.57) | 1.38 (1.14–1.64) |
| Socioeconomic indicators | ||||
| Black raced | 169 (35) | 724 (27) | 1.35 (1.11–1.62) | 1.25 (1.03–1.50) |
| Household per capita income, US$/day | 1.14 (0.39–1.88) | 1.30 (0.61–2.20) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97)e | 0.89 (0.82–0.95)e |
| Did not complete primary school | 394 (81) | 2018 (75) | 1.32 (1.04–1.65) | - |
| Household factors | ||||
| Time of residence in household, years | 8 (3–17) | 7 (3–12) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03)e | - |
| Level above lowest point in valley, meters | 18.78 (8.59–31.05) | 24.71 (13.00–36.04) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99)e | - |
| Distance from an open sewer, meters | 14.95 (7.34–31.00) | 21.04 (8.99–38.11) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)e | - |
| Distance of household from an open sewer/lowest point in valley | ||||
| ≥20 m/≥20 m | 158 (32) | 1198 (45) | 1.00 | 1·00 |
| ≥20 m/<20 m | 38 (8) | 211 (8) | 1.32 (0.89–1.83) | 1.19 (0.81–1.67) |
| <20 m/≥20 m | 73 (15) | 360 (13) | 1.46 (1.09–1.91) | 1.30 (0.97–1.71) |
| <20 m/<20 m | 220 (45) | 913 (34) | 1.68 (1.36–2.05) | 1.42 (1.14–1.75) |
| Distance from an open refuse deposit, meters | 60.59 (38.48–107.54) | 64.90 (42.56–103.16) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00)e | - |
| <20 meters from open refuse deposit | 51 (10) | 174 (6) | 1.53 (1.12–2.02) | 1.43 (1.04–1.88) |
| Vegetationf | 373 (76) | 1,822 (68) | 1.45 (1.17–1.79) | - |
| Reservoirs present in household | ||||
| Sighting of >2 rats | 256 (52) | 1039 (39) | 1.60 (1.33–1.91) | 1.32 (1.10–1.58) |
| Dog | 231 (47) | 1028 (38) | 1.36 (1.14–1.62) | - |
| Chicken | 227 (46) | 988 (37) | 1.40 (1.17–1.66) | 1.26 (1.05–1.51) |
| Cat | 106 (22) | 406 (15) | 1.44 (1.15–1.77) | - |
| Work-related exposures | ||||
| Informal work | 157 (32) | 637 (24) | 1.42 (1.17–1.71) | - |
| Contact with contaminated environmentg | 83 (17) | 284 (11) | 1.57 (1.22–1.96) | - |
| Risk occupationh | 49 (10) | 127 (5) | 1.90 (1.37–2.51) | - |
Univaritate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are shown for variables which were significant (P<0.05) in the univariate analyses.
Multivariate PR and 95% CI are shown for covariates which were included in the final best fit Poisson regression model.
Numbers and percentages are shown for categorical variables. Median and interquartile range (IQR) are shown for continuous variables of per capita household income, time of residence in study household, level above lowest point in valley and distance from an open sewer and refuse deposit.
Data is missing for two non-infected subjects.
PR and 95% CI are shown for continuous data.
Data is missing for one infected and two non-infected subjects.
Reported exposure to mud, refuse, flooding water or sewage water in the workplace.
Occupation as construction worker, refuse collector or mechanic, which is associated with a workplace environment characterized by high rat infestation.