Table 1.
Systemic Cytokine Baseline Concentrations and Percent Changes with Exercise Training*
| Inactive | Low Amount-Moderate Intensity | Low Amount-Vigorous Intensity | High Amount-Vigorous Intensity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n | 50 | 42 | 49 | 48 |
| Women n | 27 | 20 | 23 | 18 |
| Men n |
23 |
22 |
26 |
30 |
|
Pro-inflammatory | ||||
| IL-6 | 17.2 (9.8, 41.7) | 27.3 (11.8, 41.7) | 26.7 (11.8, 56.8) | 31.9 (13.8, 63.0) |
| |
−7.9 (−26.0, 15.3) |
18.3 (−10.0, 63.5) |
22.4 (−42.3, 84.1) |
5.9 (−25.7, 40.8) |
| IL-8 | 2.8 (1.7, 4.7) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.8) | 1.9 (1.4, 3.1) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.1) |
| |
4.5 (−20.8, 22.0) |
6.0 (−25.9, 52.3) |
24.3 (−31.0, 85.6) |
−16.3 (−37.4, 45.7) |
| TNF-α | 12.3 (3.9, 26.4) | 3.1 (1.6, 8.5) | 4.6 (2.7, 8.0) | 5.0 (3.1, 10.7) |
| |
−13.3 (−39.1, 54.4) |
−4.9 (−31.6, 36.6) |
−5.1 (−42.3, 63.1) |
−15.4 (−42.9, 24.3) |
| IL-1β¶ | 3.4 (1.8, 6.5) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.3) | 1.8 (1.0, 5.5) | 2.4 (1.4, 7.5) |
| |
−7.0 (−31.5, 20.6) |
9.2 (−27.2, 31.8) |
25.7 (−25.4, 42.4) |
−24.6 (−48.3, 28.6) |
| MCP-1 | 27.7 (20.5, 37.7) | 22.4 (14.9, 28.7) | 24.9 (10.9, 33.9) | 18.8 (11.2, 33.1) |
| |
−5.6 (−24.2, 9.5) |
−9.4 (−28.2, 23.5) |
3.5 (−32.5, 50.1) |
−6.4 (−30.0, 35.9) |
| MIP-1β | 30.9 (15.6, 42.1) | 18.9 (5.9, 28.1) | 23.4 (8.4, 45.5) | 16.8 (7.9, 28.0) |
| |
−3.9 (−18.0, 14.3) |
1.8 (−37.3, 55.7) |
25.1 (−54.7, 100.7) |
−4.2 (−41.7, 39.0) |
| IL-15§ | 5.1 (2.2, 8.8) | 2.1 (1.2, 2.5) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 4.0 (1.0, 30.8) |
| |
−14.5 (−37.9, 29.4) |
10.0 (−1.5, 58.7) |
14.6 (6.3, 48.7) |
25.9 (−1.8, 58.0) |
| Eotaxin§ | 100.3 (72.5, 172.3) | 116.5 (82.0, 124.0) | 90.8 (60.2, 130.7) | 78.0 (71.1, 622.2) |
| |
−6.2 (−19.4, 11.6) |
−3.4 (−23.3, 9.1) |
−14.0 (−20.0, −6.3) |
−2.9 (−20.3, 12.7) |
| MIP-1α§ | 5.8 (3.7, 9.07) | 4.0 (2.6, 8.1) | 2.4 (1.5, 9.7) | 5.5 (4.1, 13.8) |
| |
7.0 (−20.6, 40.1) |
−11.5 (−42.6, 6.5) |
38.2 (7.9, 355.8) |
−23.6 (−47.0, 1.3) |
| RANTES§ | 498.6 (349.8, 711.2) | 1016.5 (587.4, 1410.3) | 939.8 (712.2, 1319.0) | 835.9 (720.7, 2558.0) |
| |
−0.9 (−7.7, 4.2) |
19.9 (−34.0, 125.5) |
53.6 (12.8, 68.1) |
7.3 (−46.8, 58.0) |
| VEGF§ | 17.6 (9.8, 25.6) | 6.5 (5.0, 10.4) | 7.7 (5.7, 8.7) | 9.9 (6.0, 14.4) |
| |
4.0 (−21.2, 16.8) |
29.4 (−12.0, 97.5) |
111.3†‡ |
−17.1 (−29.9, −4.1) |
| hsCRP | 2.1 (1.2, 4.6) | 2.1 (1.1, 4.6) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.4) | 1.5 (0.8, 3.2) |
| |
19.8 (−16.4, 46.0) |
12.1 (−41.4, 55.9) |
−8.3 (−34.6, 32.8) |
3.8 (−23.0, 57.6) |
| 8.61 (4.1, 22.3) | 4.4 (2.1, 6.7) | 4.6 (1.5, 6.3) | 4.9 (1.8, 14.2) | |
| IL-2¶ |
−18.5 (−32.2, 9.4) |
40.0 (−21.7, 206.3) |
0 (−53.8, 162.0) |
−21.5 (−40.2, 40.9) |
| GM-CSF¶ | 49.2 (26.7, 112.5) | 27.7 (9.4, 49.7) | 18.4 (9.1, 29.1) | 47.7 (9.9, 73.9) |
| |
−19.5 (−59.5, 11.1) |
44.3† (−21.2, 110.0) |
67.5†‡ (7.9, 355.6) |
−23.2 (54.2, 41.5) |
| IFN-γ | 52.2 (28.1, 132.6) | 15.4 (6.8, 27.7) | 12.3 (4.9, 21.4) | 17.2 (8.1, 31.0) |
| |
−11.9 (−37.3, 15.4) |
−5.3 (−34.0, 45.2) |
19.9 (−44.8, 164.9) |
−2.6 (−34.9, 59.3) |
| IL-5 | 1.7 (1.0, 2.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 2.8) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.7) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.9) |
| |
−4.5 (−27.8, 29.3) |
−13.5 (−27.9, 31.4) |
9.1 (−36.9, 114.5) |
−13.0 (−32.5, 22.4) |
| IL-7 | 2.3 (1.4, 5.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) | 1.4 (1.1, 3.2) |
| |
0 (−31.4, 28.6) |
22.8 (−20.3, 68.2) |
22.0 (−20.7, 61.8) |
−11.6 (−34.3, 26.4) |
| IL-12¶ | 3.9 (2.4, 12.2) | 2.4 (1.3, 3.5) | 1.9 (0.7, 9.2) | 2.5 (1.8, 6.0) |
| |
−21.4 (−63.6, 38.1) |
8.5 (−5.4, 22.5) |
−8.2 (−88.4, 72.0) |
−18.5 (−55.9, 46.2) |
| IL-13 | 2.6 (1.6, 4.3) | 2.6 (1.1, 6.2) | 2.7 (1.4, 9.0) | 4.5 (2.1, 8.7) |
| |
−12.1 (−25.6, 38.1) |
3.9 (−41.6, 46.8) |
26.0 (−31.9, 144.5) |
−14.3 (−44.9, 17.0) |
| IL-17¶ | 3.8 (1.8, 6.4) | 2.4 (0.6, 7.7) | 3.6 (1.8, 5.9) | 2.6 (1.4, 6.8) |
| |
8.3 (−35.7, 71.2) |
15.1 (−34.0, 146.1) |
15.3 (−42.9, 173.9) |
−23.1 (−44.8, 51.9) |
| 12.6 (3.1, 23.7) | 71.5 (24.9, 72.6) | 2.0 (0.2, 3.8) | 8.3 (3.0, 15.9) | |
| IL-9¶§ |
31.7 (−39.3, 54.0) |
−42.5 (−67.2, −6.7) |
1971.0 (−28.7, 3970.8) |
15.9 (−35.3, 53.2) |
| G-CSF | 30.3 (22.0, 44.6) | 14.9 (7.4, 26.1) | 13.5 (5.4, 21.9) | 17.1 (6.9, 25.7) |
| |
−10.6 (−32.3, 14.3) |
−1.0 (−32.7, 50.3) |
30.1 (−28.5, 150.6) |
−8.7 (−38.5, 37.7) |
| FGF basic§ | 27.8 (17.8, 44.8) | 14.6 (4.9, 27.6) | 19.3 (12.4, 25.5) | 17.1 (12.9, 26.5) |
| |
−3.5 (−33.4, 24.1) |
−16.5 (−31.9, 28.1) |
20.6 (16.2, 40.5) |
−23.8 (−36.2, 4.3) |
| IP-10§ | 520.4 (371.8, 703.0) | 811.1 (712.6, 1217.5) | 1094.2 (716.4, 1299.4) | 821.2 (777.0, 1134.4) |
| |
−0.5 (−21.1, 14.2) |
−8.4 (−25.6, 15.5) |
−23.0 (−43.1, 0.45) |
15.6 (−11.4, 41.3) |
| PDGFbb§ | 317.6 (93.2, 927.6) | 100.6 (41.7, 194.4) | 21.8 (9.0, 75.9) | 66.6 (29.0, 312.3) |
| |
−2.8 (−55.2, 80.9) |
−28.3 (−78.9, 190.7) |
396.5 (9.9, 3673.0) |
−10.0 (−50.2, 478.7) |
|
Anti-Inflammatory | ||||
| IL-1ra§ | 217.4 (136.3, 388.7) | 97.7 (77.7, 191.1) | 83.0 (70.4, 121.7) | 146.8(93.4, 807.7) |
| |
−4.6 (−23.2, 6.5) |
3.0 (−27.8, 23.7) |
33.5 (−12.1, 121.2) |
2.9 (−3.9, 20.4) |
| IL-10 | 3.8 (2.1, 7.8) | 2.6 (1.1, 3.7) | 2.7 (1.7, 7.6) | 3.4 (2.2, 10.1) |
| |
−1.4 (−31.5, 36.9) |
21.5 (−22.8, 80.5) |
28.8 (−29.6, 99.5) |
−6.0 (−25.6, 25.0) |
| IL-4¶ | 1.18 (0.4, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.8) | 1.9 (0.2, 4.1) | 1.2 (0.5, 4.8) |
| −5.2 (−43.8, 32.0) | 40.0 (−28.0, 177.3) | 20.9 (−48.1, 143.8) | −13.8 (−54.8, 0.5) | |
Data are presented as median concentration (pg/ml for cytokines and mg/L for hsCRP) and median percent change (from baseline). Numbers in parenthesis represent lower and upper quartiles for baseline concentration and percent changes, respectively. Abbreviations: IL= interleukin, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α, MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1β = macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, MIP-1α = macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, RANTES = Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, hsCRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein, GM-CSF= granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor, IFN-γ = interferon-γ, G-CSF = granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, FGF basic = fibroblast growth factor basic, IP-10 = interferon-inducible protein-10, PDGFbb= platelet derived growth factor bb, IL-1ra = IL-1 receptor antagonist. Those listed in bold have been shown to be secreted by adipose tissue and/or associated with obesity.[1, 2, 25-28]
P<0.05 for within group comparisons.
P<0.05 for between group comparisons; relative to the Inactive group after post-hoc testing.
Greater than 25% of subjects had undetectable concentrations of the indicated cytokines.
Measured in sixty subjects only: Inactive=32, Low Amount-Moderate Intensity=10, Low Amount-Vigorous Intensity=8, High Amount-Vigorous Intensity=10.