TABLE 3.

Presumptive functions of Anisakis simplex-derived proteinase inhibitors

Function	Point of intervention	Proteinase type inhibited	Inhibitor name	Reference(s)
Modulation of antigen presentation by MHC	Antigen processing and peptide loading	Cysteine	Cystatins	229
Downregulation of T-cell responses	IL-10 production, reduced expression of HLA-DR and CD86	Cysteine
Upregulation of NO production	From IFN-γ-stimulated lymphocytes	Cysteine
Allergenic	Stimulate IgE responses; IgE production	Cysteine	Kininogen
Regulation of digestive proteinases	Inactivation of digestive proteases	Cysteine
Anti-inflammatory	Induction of TNFa and increased IL-10; reduction of IL-12	Cysteine	Stefins
Reproduction	Not known	Serine	Serpins	168
Modulation of proteinases of granulocyte origin	Neutrophil elastase, mast cell protease, and cathepsin G	Serine		193, 200, 226
Protection from digestion by host	Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin	Serine		225, 247
Anticoagulant	Factor Xa, factor VIIa	Serine	Smapins	158

^aTNF, tumor necrosis factor.