TABLE 1.
Tricholoma matsutake strains used in this study
| Strain | Geographical origina | Culture (L) or commodity (M) | Yr of isolation | Lane no. (figure[s]) | σmarY1-based geotype | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TM-15 | Iwate, Japan | L | 1992 | 1 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 18 |
| Y1b | Ibaraki, Japan | L (ourselves)c | 1993 | 2 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 34 |
| Y4 | Ibaraki, Japan | L (ourselves) | 1996 | 3 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 18 |
| F1 | Fukushima, Japan | L (ourselves) | 1993 | 4 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 18 |
| Tm-8 | Kyoto, Japan | L | 1992 | 5 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 18 |
| MR32 | Hyogo, Japan | L | 1987 | 6 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 18 |
| Tm029 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S1)d | L (ourselves) | 1983 | 7/2 (Fig. 3/4) | A1 | 18, 20 |
| OK-T4 | Okayama, Japan | L | 1992 | 8 (Fig. 3) | A1 | 18 |
| Tm-T4 | Tokushima, Japan | L | 1993 | 9 (Fig. 3) | A2 | 18 |
| Tm-H507 | Hiroshima, Japan | L | 1997 | 10 (Fig. 3) | A2 | 21 |
| Tm-H102 | Hiroshima, Japan | L | 1992 | 11 (Fig. 3) | A2 | 18 |
| Tm-Y59AFB | Yamaguchi, Japan | L | 1984 | 12 (Fig. 3) | A2 | 18 |
| Tm-Y62B | Yamaguchi, Japan | L | 1984 | 13/1 (Fig. 3/5) | A2 | 18 |
| K1 | South Korea | L | 1997 | 14 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| Tm-K2 | South Korea | L | 1992 | 15 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| Tm-31 | Gyeongsangbuk-doe (Kyongsan North), South Korea | L (ourselves) | 1998 | 16, 37 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| Tm-156 | Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea | L (ourselves) | 2004 | 17 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| Tm-157 | Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea | L (ourselves) | 2004 | 18 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| Tm-158 | Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea | L (ourselves) | 2004 | 19/2 (Fig. 3/5) | A3 | 18 |
| SKR02 | South Korea | M | 2006 | 20 (Fig. 3) | A3 | This study |
| SKR03 | South Korea | M | 2006 | 21 (Fig. 3) | A3 | This study |
| NK1 | North Korea | L | 1998 | 22/3 (Fig. 3/5) | A2 | 18 |
| NKR02 | North Korea | M | 2006 | 23/4 (Fig. 3/5) | A3 | This study |
| NKR03 | North Korea | M | 2006 | 24 (Fig. 3) | A1 | This study |
| NKR04 | North Korea | M | 2006 | 25 (Fig. 3) | A1 | This study |
| NKR05 | North Korea | M | 2006 | 26 (Fig. 3) | A3 | This study |
| CN01 | Yunnan, China | M | 2006 | 27/25 (Fig. 3/5) | B | This study |
| CHI1 | China | L | 1998 | 28 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| Tm-9 | China | L | 1992 | 29 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| CH381 | China | L | 2003 | 30 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| CH382 | China | L | 2003 | 31 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| CH383 | China | L | 2003 | 32 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| CH384 | China | L | 2003 | 33 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| CH385 | China | L | 2003 | 34 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| CH387 | China | L | 2003 | 35 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| BH1 | Bhutan | L | 1998 | 36 (Fig. 3) | B | 18 |
| K3 | South Korea | L | 2003 | 38 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| K4 | South Korea | L | 2003 | 39 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| Tm159 | Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea | L (ourselves) | 2004 | 40 (Fig. 3) | A3 | 18 |
| SKR01 | South Korea | M | 2006 | 41 (Fig. 3) | A3 | This study |
| SKR04 | South Korea | M | 2006 | 42 (Fig. 3) | A3 | This study |
| SKR05 | South Korea | M | 2006 | 43 (Fig. 3) | A1 | This study |
| NKR01 | North Korea | M | 2006 | 44 (Fig. 3) | A1 | This study |
| Tm027 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#M3)f | L (ourselves) | 1983 | 1 (Fig. 4) | A2 | 20 |
| Tm040 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#M7) | L (ourselves) | 1991 | 3 (Fig. 4) | A2 | 20 |
| Tm043 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#M7) | L (ourselves) | 1991 | 4 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm050 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1991 | 5 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm068 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1993 | 6 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm077 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1994 | 7 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm078 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1994 | 8 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm082 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1994 | 9 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm069 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1994 | 10 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm072 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1994 | 11 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm074 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 1994 | 12 (Fig. 5) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm100 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S4) | L (ourselves) | 1998 | 13 (Fig. 4) | A2 | 20 |
| Tm127 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S5) | L (ourselves) | 2003 | 14 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm172 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S6) | L (ourselves) | 2004 | 15 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm195 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S10) | L (ourselves) | 2005 | 16 (Fig. 5) | A1 | 20 |
| Tm196 | Shiga, Japan (shiro-#S10) | L (ourselves) | 2005 | 17 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-634 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B1)g | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 18 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-636 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B2) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 19 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-639 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B5) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 20 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-640 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B3) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 21 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-641 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B1) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 22 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-642 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B5) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 23 (Fig. 4) | A2 | 20 |
| AT-635 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B7) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 24 (Fig. 4) | A2 | 20 |
| AT-637 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B4) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 25 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| AT-638 | Ibaraki, Japan (site #B6) | L (ourselves) | 1997 | 26 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| IW-92602-1 | Iwate, Japan (site #W1)h | M (ourselves) | 2002 | 27 (Fig. 4) | A1 | This study |
| IW-92602-2 | Iwate, Japan (site #W1) | L (ourselves) | 2002 | 28 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| IW-92602-4 | Iwate, Japan (site #W1) | L (ourselves) | 2002 | 29 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| IW-100702-2 | Iwate, Japan (site #W1) | L (ourselves) | 2002 | 30 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| IW-100702-4 | Iwate, Japan (site #W1) | L (ourselves) | 2002 | 31 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| I-84 | Iwate, Japan (site #W2) | L (ourselves) | 2001 | 32 (Fig. 4) | A2i | 20 |
| I-114 | Iwate, Japan (site #W2) | L (ourselves) | 2001 | 33 (Fig. 4) | A1 | 20 |
| CH-HE1 | Heilongjiang, China | M | 2007 | 5 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-HE2 | Heilongjiang, China | M | 2007 | 6 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-HE3 | Heilongjiang, China | M | 2007 | 7 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-HE4 | Heilongjiang, China | M | 2007 | 8 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-HE5 | Heilongjiang, China | M | 2007 | 9 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-JI1 | Jilin, China | M | 2007 | 10 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-JI2 | Jilin, China | M | 2007 | 11 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-JI3 | Jilin, China | M | 2007 | 12 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-JI4 | Jilin, China | M | 2007 | 13 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-JI5 | Jilin, China | M | 2007 | 14 (Fig. 5) | A4 | This study |
| CH-SI1 | Sichuan, China | M | 2007 | 15 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-SI2 | Sichuan, China | M | 2007 | 16 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-SI3 | Sichuan, China | M | 2007 | 17 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-SI4 | Sichuan, China | M | 2007 | 18 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-SI5 | Sichuan, China | M | 2007 | 19 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-YU1 | Yunnan, China | M | 2007 | 20 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-YU2 | Yunnan, China | M | 2007 | 21 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-YU3 | Yunnan, China | M | 2007 | 22 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-YU4 | Yunnan, China | M | 2007 | 23 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
| CH-YU5 | Yunnan, China | M | 2007 | 24 (Fig. 5) | B | This study |
Figure 2 shows a map of Asia. Some foreign strains were obtained at local matsutake markets in Japan (K1, K3, CHI1, Tm-9, CH381 to CH385, and BH1) or obtained at Japanese Customs Service facilities (SKR01 to SKR04 and CN01 [Kansai International Airport], SKR05 [Narita International Airport], NKR02 to NKR04 [Sakai Port], and NKR05 [Maizuru Port]) or imported through a trading authority (CH-HE1 to CH-HE5, CH-JI1 to CH-JI5, CH-SI1 to CH-SI5, and CH-YU1 to CH-YU5).
Y1 (IFO33136, Institute of Fermentation [Osaka, Japan]) is a model organism that produces in vitro a rhizosphere colony that resembles naturally occurring shiro.
Isolates of matsutake that we picked by ourselves in P. densiflora woodlands are designated by “ourselves.”
Shiro is a massive persisting rhizosphere aggregate of T. matsutake mycelia and mycorrhizas. Shiro-#S is located at the Kohnan study site, Shiga prefecture, Japan.
Gyeongsangbuk-do (Kyongsan North) produces the largest amount (65%) of South Korean matsutake based on the record of the year 2004.
Shiro-#M is located at the Minakuchi study site, Shiga prefecture, Japan. The Minakuchi study site is distant from the Kohnan study site by 2.7 km.
Isolation sites B1 to B7 are located at the Morigane study site, Ibaraki prefecture, Japan.
Isolation sites W1 and W2 are located at the Yokkaichi study site, Iwate prefecture, Japan.
This isolate lacked the 493-bp DNA segment but retained the 337-bp derivative.