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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Mar 14.
Published in final edited form as: Biosens Bioelectron. 2007 Dec 8;23(8):1307–1313. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.11.021

Table 1.

Estimated impedance values of cell-electrode hetero-structure for different electrode dimensions and surface chemistries.

Impedances Vs. Electrode Dimensions 25 × 25 μm2 30 × 30 μm2 110 × 110 μm2
Physical Adsorption Covalent Bonding Physical Adsorption Covalent Bonding Physical Adsorption Covalent Bonding
Cell-free Electrode Impedance (Z1 + Z2 + Rsolution or Zcell-free) 109.3 ± 10.9 kΩ 106.7 ± 21.3 kΩ 73.6 ± 13.5 kΩ
Cell-covered Electrode Impedance (Zcell(s)-electrode) 125.0 ± 22.4 kΩ 197.5 ± 29.2 kΩ 152.1 ± 13.8 kΩ 196.0 ± 13.9 kΩ 76.4 ± 5.1 kΩ 96.5 ± 11.5 kΩ
Percent Change in Impedance (Zcell(s)-electrode – Zcell-free)/Zcell-free) 14.4 ± 10.2 % 80.7 ± 12.7 % 42.5 ± 10.4 % 83.7 ± 10.4 % 3.8 ± 5.9 % 31.1 ± 7.2 %
Averaged Cleft/Seal Resistance Per unit Electrode Area (RJ/Aelectrode) 2.7 ± 0.8 GΩ/cm2 32.0 ± 6.0 GΩ/cm2 4.8 ± 0.8 GΩ/cm2 30.2 ± 4.2 GΩ/cm2 62.2 ± 14.5 MΩ/cm2 9.8 ± 2.4 GΩ/cm2