Fig. 1.

Arousal and valence ratings. Mean (s.e.m.) arousal (A) and valence (B) ratings across stimulus categories, for patients with amygdala lesions (Amyg) compared with the clinical contrast group (Cnt) and normative control data (Norm) from Lang et al. (1999). All groups effectively discriminated the stimulus categories and applied valance ratings accordingly. All groups also displayed comparable arousal functions to positive stimuli, but the amygdala group showed diminished arousal selectively to the negative stimuli.