Table 1.

Clinical Activities of Supervisors

Themes and definitions	Representative transcript excerpts
Routine oversight
Clinical oversight activities that are planned in advance	“...each patient is always reviewed with the attending.” Team 11 Junior resident (ED)
	“At the end of the day we go over all the patients with either the senior resident or staff at some point, so we kind of go through what we have been doing so far...this happens on a daily basis.” Team 1 Junior resident (GIM)
Responsive oversight
Clinical oversight activities that occur in response to trainee- or patient-specific issues (requested or not)	“I can recall working with a junior resident and um she had taken a history and there were a couple of things that were very important to confirm because it would affect your management, so I went back in and asked the patient the same questions. (I was) double-checking; I knew that she had asked them, she said she had asked them, but I needed to hear it myself to be sure.” Team 9 Attending physician (ED)
Direct patient care
Refers to instances when a supervisor moves beyond oversight to actively provide care for a trainee’s patient	“If their patient is crashing I usually go there myself and do the acute management and I bring the clerk with me and I try to teach them how to observe...” Team 3 Senior resident (GIM)
Backstage oversight
Clinical oversight activities of which the trainee is not directly aware.	“I go back to check the patients post-call when the students are not there.” Team 4 Attending physician (GIM)
	“I read the nursing notes and I hear the nurses talking and so I know kind of what is going on. So in my mind I already have a picture of the patient...” Team 9 Attending physician (ED)