Table 1.
Process Equations
| Chemical Reaction | Equation |
|---|---|
| cGS | 1 cATP + 1 cGlu + 1 cNH4+ → 1 cGln + 1 cH+ + 1 cADP + 1 cPi |
| cPAG* | 1 cGln + 1 dH2O → 1 cGlu + 1 cNH4+ |
| cN | 1 cNH4+ → 1 cH+ + 1 dNH3 |
| cLDH | 1 cLac + 1 cNAD+ → 1 cH+ + 1 cPyrv + 1 cNADH |
| cME | 1 cMalate + 1 cNAD+ → 1 cPyrv + 1 dCO2 + 1 cNADH |
| cBCAT | 1 cGlu + 1 cBCKA → 1 cBCAA + 1 cOG |
| cALAT | 1 cGlu + 1 cPyrv → 1 cAla + 1 cOG |
| mGDH | 1 mGlu + 1 mNAD+ + 1 dH2O → 1 mH+ + 1 mOG + 1 mNADH + 1 mNH4+ |
| mN | 1 mNH4+ → 1 mH+ + 1 dNH3 |
| mPDH | 1 CoA + 1 mNAD+ + 1 mPyrv → 1 dCO2 + 1 mActCoA + 1 mNADH |
| mCS | 1 mActCoA + 1 mOAA + 1 dH2O → 1 mCit + 1 mH+ + 1 CoA |
| mAH | 1 mCit → 1 mIsocit |
| mIDH | 1 mIsocit + 1 mNAD+ → 1 dCO2 + 1 mNADH + 1 mOG |
| mOGDH | 1 mOG + 1 CoA + 1 mNAD+ → 1 dCO2 + 1 mNADH + 1 mSucCoA |
| mSCS | 1 mPi + 1 mSucCoA + 1 mGDP → 1 mGTP + 1 mSuc + 1 CoA |
| mSDH | 1 mSuc + 1 FAD+ → 1 FADH2 + 1 mFum |
| mFH | 1 mFum + 1 dH2O → 1 mMalate |
| mMDH | 1 mMalate + 1 mNAD+ → 1 mH+ + 1 mNADH + 1 mOAA |
| mNDK | 1 mGTP + 1 mADP → 1 mATP + 1 mGDP |
| Transport Mechanism | Equation |
| pmGLAST(Glu) | 1 cK+ + 1 xH+ + 1 xGlu + 3 xNa+ → 1 cGlu + 1 cH+ + 3 cNa+ + 1 xK+ |
| pmSNAT3 (Gln) | 1 cGln + 1 cNa+ + 1 xH+ → 1 cH+ + 1 xGln + 1 xNa+ |
| pmSNAT 1(Gln) | 1 cGIn + 1 cNa+ → 1 xGln + 1 xNa+ |
| pmGLUT(Gluc) | 1 xGluc → 1 cGluc |
| pmSBAT1(BCAA) | 1 cBCAA + 1 cNa+ → 1 xBCAA + 1 xNa+ |
| pmMCT(BCKA) | 1 cH+ + 1 cBCKA → 1 xH+ + 1 xBCKA |
| pmSNAT1(Ala) | 1 cAla + 1 cNa+ → 1 xAla + 1 xNa+ |
| pmMCT(Lac) | 1 cH+ + 1 cLac → 1 xH+ + 1 xLac |
| pmNaCT(OG) | 4 cNa+ + 1 cOG → 1 xOG + 4 xNa+ |
| pmNaCT(Mal) | 1 cMalate + 4 cNa+ → 1 xMalate + 4 xNa+ |
| pmNaCT(Cit) | 1 cCit + 4 cNa+ → 1 xCit + 4 xNa+ |
| pmNHE | 1 cH+ 1 xNa+ → 1 cNa+ + 1 xH+ |
| pmKCNK | 1 cK+ → 1 xK+ |
| mmGC | 1 cH+ + 1 cGlu → 1 mH+ + 1 mGlu |
| mmMCT(Pyr) | 1 cH+ + 1 cPyrv → 1 mH+ + 1 mPyrv |
| mmPiC | 1 cH+ + 1 cPi → 1 MH+ + 1 mPi |
| mmAAC | 1 mATP + 1 cADP → 1 cATP + 1 mADP |
| mmOGC | 1 cMalate + 1 mOG → 1 cOG + 1 mMalate |
| mmCIC | 1 cMalate + 1 mCit + 1 mH+ → 1 cCit + 1 cH+ + 1 mMalate |
| mmDIC | 1 cMalate + 1 mPi → 1 mMalate + 1 cPi |
| Composite Process | Equation |
| cG | 1 cGluc + 2 cADP + 2 cNAD+ + 2 cPi → 2 cATP + 2 cH+ + 2 cPyrv + 2 cNADH + 2 dH2O |
| MAS | 2 cH+ + 1 cNADH + 1 mNAD+ → 2 mH+ + 1 mNADH + 1 cNAD+ |
| ET1 | 1 dO2 + 11 mH+ + 1 mNADH → 10 cH+ + 1 dH2O + 1 mNAD+ |
| ET2 | 1 dO2 + 1 FADH2 + 6 mH+ → 6 cH+ + 1 dH2O + 1 FAD+ |
| mmATPase | 4 cH+ + 1 mPi + 1 mADP → 1 mATP + 3 mH+ + 1 dH2O |
| pmNaKATPase | 1 cATP + 3 cNa+ + 1 dH2O + 2 xK+ → 1 cH+ + 2 cK+ + 1 cADP + 1 cPi + 3 xNa+ |
| pmExoATPase | 2 cATP + 1 cGlu + 2 dH2O → 1 cH+ + 1 xH+ + 2 cADP + 2 cPi + 1 xGlu |
| cATPase | 1 cATP + 1 dH2O → 1 cH+ + 1 cADP + 1 cPi |
Prefixes: cytosolic (c), mitochondrial (m), extracellular (x), diffusible (d) plasma membrane (pm), and mitochondrial membrane (mm).
*
PAG, bound to the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, is treated here as a cytosolic enzyme because it converts glutamine to glutamate outside of the mitochondria.