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Interaction between E2 and NFκB. TNF-α induces NFκB activation via IKK phosphorylation of IκB, thereby allowing the p50/p65 heterodimer to translocate to the nucleus and induce gene transcription. E2 is able to modulate NFκB activation by suppressing IKK phosphorylation, suppressing IκB degradation, and increasing IκB expression. The recruitment of various co-repressors, such as ER, GRIP, and CBP, by E2 treatment also inhibits NFκB activity.
