Table 3.
Multivariable estimates of relative difference in calcification associated with each unit difference in risk factors among people with detectable calcium (i.e. calcium score > 0) stratified by gender
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATAC | DTAC | AWC | ATAC | DTAC | AWC | |
| Variables* | RD (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) |
| Age (per year) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.10) | 1.09 (1.08, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.07 (1.06, 1.09) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Chinese | 1.04 (0.76, 1.42) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.46) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.50) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) | ||
| African-American | 0.55 (0.43, 0.71) | 0.56 (0.44, 0.73) | 0.53 (0.39, 0.71) | 0.48 (0.36, 0.65) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.76 (0.58, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.20) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.14) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.19 (0.92, 1.55) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) | 1.31 (0.98, 1.74) | 1.34 (1.00, 1.78) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.38 (1.12, 1.71) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.70) | 1.42 (1.12, 1.80) | 1.42 (1.12, 1.80) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Former | 1.34 (0.63, 2.87) | 1.67 (1.32, 2.10) | 1.60 (1.27, 2.01) | 1.39 (0.59, 3.31) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.54) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.57) |
| Current | 2.52 (0.91, 6.99) | 2.54 (1.81, 3.56) | 2.45 (1.75, 3.42) | 2.82 (0.97, 8.20) | 2.11 (1.44, 3.10) | 2.21 (1.52, 3.22) |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Former | 0.87 (0.35, 2.14) | 1.90 (0.59, 6.12) | ||||
| Current | 0.72 (0.31, 1.68) | 4.13 (1.37, 12.44) | ||||
| Lipid lowering meds | 1.37 (1.09, 1.71) | 1.38 (1.10, 1.73) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) | ||
African Americans have the lowest prevalence of aortic atherosclerosis, while current smoking status is most strongly related. There is a strong relationship to current alcohol use in men, not seen in women.
RD = the anti-log of the regression coefficient using log-transformed calcium score as the dependent variable in each multiple linear regression analysis. The relative difference in Agatston score per increment in risk factor from a linear regression with Ln(Agaston) as the dependent variable, adjusted for all risk factors. An RD of 1.50 represents a 50% increase.
Variables were selected by backward stepwise regression for each outcome separately.