Table 1.
Studies included in the review
| References | Country | Disease | Intervention | Hypothesis/study question concerning compliance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clark et al. (21) | Canada | Diabetes | ACE inhibitors | Should ACE inhibitors be financed in type Idiabetic necropathy, assuming that cost is amajor barrier to compliance? |
| Balkrishnan et al. (22) | USA | Diabetes | Antidiabetics | To examine the relationship between healthstatus, adherence, and healthcare costs |
| Balkrishnan et al. (23) | USA | Diabetes | Oral antidiabetics vs. thiazolidinediones(TZD: pioglitazone & rosiglitazone) | To measure the effect of TZD on healthcarecosts and compliance |
| Hepke et al. (24) | USA | Diabetes | Insulin or oral hypoglycaemic | To determine whether compliance affectswell-being and the total costs of diabetestreatment |
| Herman et al. (25) | USA | Diabetes | Prevention of type 2 diabetes with the Diabetes Prevention Program, i.e. lifestyle modification(diet, physical activity) or metformin, 850 mgo.d. | To estimate the cost-utility of the DiabetesPrevention Program |
| Mahoney (26) | USA | Diabetes | Insulin products and oral antidiabetics | To evaluate the effects of changing theformulary status of diabetes drugs and deviceson compliance and healthcare costs |
| Shenolikar et al. (27) | USA | Diabetes | Pioglitazone | To compare treatment compliance andhealthcare costs in African Americans and allother races |
| Urquhart (28) | USA | Hypercholesterolaemia | Cholestyramine (six packets per day) vs.placebo; gemfibrozil vs. placebo | To estimate the economic consequences ofcompliance |
| Tsuyuki et al. (29) | Canada | Heart failure | Patient support programme (salt and fluidrestriction, weighing, exercise, medication use,knowing when to call physician) | To evaluate the effect of adisease-management programme in heartfailure |
| Cheng et al. (30) | China | Coronary heartdisease | Statin (atorvastatin or simvastatin) monotherapy | To examine the effects of compliance to statintherapy on direct medical costs for coronaryheart disease |
| Rizzo & Simons (31) | USA | Hypertension | Antihypertensives | Does noncompliance increase healthcare costs? |
| Hughes & McGuire (32) | UK | Hypertension | Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers,calcium antagonists, diuretics) | To calculate the costs arising from switchingand discontinuing therapy |
| Degli Esposti (33)[reanalysed inDegli Esposti (34)] | Italy | Hypertension | Antihypertensives | To identify clinical and economic indicators ofpharmacoutilisation of antihypertensives |
| Mar &Rodriguez-Artalejo (35) | Spain | Hypertension | Antihypertensives | Cost-effectiveness of treatment for arterialhypertension, by age, sex, type of drug andcompliance |
| Urquhart (36) | USA | Hypertension | Electronic monitoring of compliance | Basic calculation of monitoring for compliance |
| Degli Esposti (34)[reanalysis ofDegli Esposti (33)] | Italy | Hypertension | Antihypertensives | To identify clinical and economic indicators ofpharmacoutilisation of antihypertensives |
| Côte et al. (37) | Canada | Hypertension | Pharmacy-based health promotion programmeto improve blood pressure control byimproving the quality of prescribing andadherence to treatment. Pharmacists warned ifpatients non-adherent. | To describe the impact of the programme oncosts and benefits |
| Taylor & Shoheiber (38) | USA | Hypertension | Amlopidine besylate/benazepril HCl, singlecapsule, fixed dose vs. ACE inhibitor + dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockerseparately | To evaluate the effect of the combinationproduct on compliance and costs |
| Degli Esposti et al. (39) | Italy | Hypertension | Antihypertensives | To evaluate how long patients remain ondifferent antihypertensives |
| Rosen et al. (40) | USA | Hypertension | Medicare first-dollar coverage vs. no coverage(current practice) with ACE inhibitor useincreasing from 40% to 60% | To estimate the cost-effectiveness to Medicareof first-dollar (no cost-sharing) coverage ofACE inhibitors (lisinopril) in patients withdiabetes |
| Rizzo et al. (41) | USA | Multiple – hypertension,heart disease,depression, type 2diabetes | Relevant intervention for the disease inquestion | To evaluate whether drug coverage andcompliance programmes are cost-effectivesaving for employers; how does compliancemodify the cost of treatment? |
| Plans-Rubió (42) | Spain | Multiple – prevention ofcoronary heart disease(hypertension,hypercholesterolaemia,smoking) | Cholesterol-lowering and antihypertensivedrugs, smoking cessation | How does compliance modifycost-effectiveness? |
| Sokol et al. (43) | USA | Multiple – diabetes,hypertension,hypercholesterolaemia,congestive heart failure | Cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs | To evaluate the impact of medical adherence |