Effect of MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, on LPS-induced c-fos expression in the A2 (A–F) and C1 (G–I) cell groups in the lower brainstem. Veh (15% DMSO)-treated animals (A, D, and G), LPS-treated animals (B, E, and H), and PD98059-treated animals before LPS administration (C, F, and I). D–F, High-magnification photomicrographs of the area marked with a rectangle in A–C, respectively. MAPK inhibition has no effect on LPS-induced c-fos expression in the C1 and A2 regions. Scale bar, 200 μm.