Table 1.

Quasi-experimental studies examining the influence of sport, physical education or physical activity upon academic achievement.

Author	Sample	Milieu	Intervention	Outcome measure	Response
Fourestier [7]	Children in final year of primary school (13 years), 1 class, n = ?	Vanves (Paris)	Various sports and other activities, 13 h/wk increase for one year	Overall academic performance	Enhanced in experimental group
Shephard et al. [8]	546 children in grades 1 through 6	Trois Rivières, Québec	5 h of specialist physical education per week for 6 years	Teacher ratings, Standard Provincial examination, WISC tests	Enhanced teacher ratings, Maths but not English improved in Provincial exams, 3–4% gain on WISC
Sallis et al. [9]	655 children grades 5 and 6	California	27–42 min additional physical education per week for two years	Metropolitan achievement tests	Non-significant trend to gains in English, arithmetic and behaviour
Dwyer et al. [11]	500 10-year-old students	South Australia	75 min/day of endurance training	Scores for reading and arithmetic	Non-significant trend to gains in English and arithmetic at 2-year follow up
Ahamed et al. [13]	287 9–11 year old primary students	British Columbia	Added 47 min/wk of varied activities for 16 months	Canadian Achievement Test (CAT-3)	Slight trend to improved scores
Coe et al. [14]	214 grade 6 students	Western Michigan, U.S.A.	Nominal 55 min/day (actual 19 min/day) physical education for one semester	Classroom assessments and nationally standardized achievement scores	No change in academic performance except in sub-group who exercised vigorously
Raviv et al. [15]	358 kindergarten and grade 1 students	Israel	One-year movement education program	Reading skills and arithmetic skills	Both improved relative to controls