Table 2.
Illustration of Grouping, Abstracting, Formatting, and Calculating Frequency Effect Sizes (ES) of Findings
| Finding | ES% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| General findings | |||
| Adherence is a dynamic process; women alternated between ARV adherence and non-adherence (Roberts, 2003, S. Wood) | 11 | ||
| Non-adherence can be intentional or non-intentional (Durante, Roberts, 2003) | 11 | ||
| Always, mostly, and somewhat adherent women were differentiated by narratives in which different sources of authority and moral accounts prevailed (Sankar) | 5 | ||
|
| |||
| Favoring Adherence or Intentions to Adhere | ES% | Favoring Non-Adherence or Intentions Not to Adhere | ES% |
|
| |||
| Personal Characteristics/Responses/Previous Experience | |||
| Acceptance of being HIV-positive (Sankar) | 5 | Denial of, ambivalence about, HIV; negative emotions/emotional trauma associated with chronicity and uncertainty of HIV (Abel, Durante, Fourney, Garcia-Teague, Jones, Powell-Cope,a Sankar, S. Wood) | 42 |
| Drinking, on drugs (Durante, Erlen, Garcia-Teague, Powell-Cope) | 21 | ||
| Knowledge/understanding of HIV and ARVs (Fourney, Sankar) | 11 | Lack of knowledge/understanding of HIV and ARVs, information overload (Fourney, Garcia-Teague, Jones) | 16 |
| Active stance toward adherence (e.g., agency located in self, personal responsibility; Sankar) | 5 | Passive stance toward adherence (e.g., agency located in clinic, God; Sankar) | 5 |
| Priority given to individual/body wisdom (Sankar) | 5 | ||
| Seeing a difference, other HIV-positive people live long and well on ARVs (Fourney, Powell-Cope) | 11 | Not seeing, not noticing any difference with ARVs (Fourney) | 5 |
| Having, or seeing others have, HIV-negative baby on ARVs (Misener, Siegel & Lekas) | 11 | Having, or seeing others have, HIV-negative baby without ARVs (Siegel & Lekas) | 5 |
| Taking alternatives to ARVs (e.g., vitamins, positive thinking; Roberts, 2003) | 5 | ||
| Beliefs, Intentions, Desires | |||
| Belief in effectiveness, advantages, and lack of harm of ARVs (Abel, Erlen, Fourney, Garcia-Teague, Misener, Richter, Schrimshaw,b Siegel & Lekasb) | 39 | Equivocal about effectiveness, and short- and long-term toxicity of ARVs (to self or fetus/infant; Durante, Erlen, Fourney, Garcia-Teague, Mellins, Misener, Richter, Roberts, 2000, Schrimshaw,b Siegel & Gorey, Siegel & Lekas,b Wilson) | 61 |
| Viewing ARVs as symbol of hope and survival, way to live longer (Powell-Cope, Richter, Schrimshaw) | 16 | Viewing ARVs as reminder of HIV/deviant status (Gant, Roberts, 2000, Wilson, S. Wood) | 21 |
| Fear of drug resistance, mixing or interference with other drugs (Durante, Garcia-Teague, Siegel & Lekas) | 16 | ||
| Belief that HIV will lead to dysfunction and death (Erlen, Fourney) | 11 | ||
| Viewing ARVs as way to control one’s fate/disease (Richter) | 5 | Viewing ARVs as racist, genocidal (African American women; Misener, Siegel & Gorey) | 11 |
| Wanting to have an HIV-negative baby (Richter) | 5 | ||
| Motivation to stay healthy (Garcia-Teague) | 5 | ||
| Obligation to baby (Siegel & Lekas) | 5 | Belief that AZT is unnecessary if mother is healthy (Siegel & Lekas) | 5 |
| Belief in power of positive thinking (Sankar) | 5 | ||
| Altruism, wanting to help other HIV-positive persons (Powell-Cope) | 5 | ||
| Having confidence that can take ARVs as prescribed (Fourney) | 5 | Not having confidence that can take ARVs as prescribed (Fourney) | 5 |
| Social Support/Interactions | |||
| Absence of reference to or concern about stigma (exc. in case of children; Sankar) | 5 | Not wanting others to notice or know HIV status (Abel, Durante, Erlen, Garcia-Teague, Jones, Powell-Cope, Roberts, 2000, 2003, Sankar, Wilson, S. Wood) | 58 |
| Having children (to live for them; Fourney, Gant, Sankar, S. Wood) | 21 | Having children (care giving competes with medicine-taking; Powell-Cope, Roberts, 2000) | 11 |
| Family/friends have positive view, are supportive, remind to take (Gant, Garcia-Teague, Misener, Sankar, S. Wood) | 26 | Family/friends have negative view, are not supportive, cause distress (Misener, Powell-Cope, S. Wood) | 16 |
| Largely scientific authority in support of adherence (Sankar) | 5 | Largely personal, popular, and/or conflicting authority in support of selective adherence (Sankar) | 5 |
| Spirituality (Powell-Cope) | 5 | ||
| Support groups (Gant) | 5 | ||
| Provider Relations, Health Services | |||
| Supportive, trustworthy, accessible, or demonstrably caring MD/provider (Abel, Misener, Powell-Cope, Sankar, Siegel& Lekas) | 26 | Unsupportive, untrustworthy, inaccessible, or demonstrably uncaring MD/provider (Garcia-Teague, Misener, Sankar, Siegel & Gorey) | 21 |
| Receiving understandable educational materials (Abel, Fourney) | 11 | ||
| Access to care and to providers to answer questions (Abel, Sankar) | 11 | Provider told not to take (Garcia-Teague) | 5 |
| HIV/General Health Status | |||
| Having no symptoms of HIV, feeling healthy (Gant, Siegel & Gorey, Siegel & Lekas) | 16 | Having no symptoms of HIV, feeling healthy or better (Durante, Fourney, Gant, Garcia-Teague, Mellins, Siegel & Gorey, Siegel & Lekas, Wilson, S. Wood) | 47 |
| Feeling sick, having symptoms (Richter, S. Wood) | 11 | Feeling sick (Durante, Garcia-Teague, Powell-Cope) | 16 |
| Positive lab results (CD4, RNA; Powell-Cope) | 5 | ||
| Medication Regimen | |||
| Having no or manageable side effects of ARV (Misener, Schrimshaw) | 11 | Side effects of ARV (Abel, Erlen, Fourney, Gant, Garcia-Teague, Jones, Mellins, Misener, Powell-Cope, Richter, Roberts, 2000, 2003, Schrimshaw,b Siegel & Gorey, Siegel & Lekas,b Wilson, S. Wood) | 89 |
| Having less complex regimen, or one that allows integration into routine schedule (Abel, Gant, Powell-Cope, Richter) | 21 | Having ARV regimen that is difficult to execute in routine daily schedule (e.g., forget, asleep; Abel, Durante, Erlen, Fourney, Gant, Garcia-Teague, Jones, Powell-Cope, Roberts, 2000, Wilson, S. Wood) | 58 |
| Having ARV regimen that is difficult to execute in non-routine schedule (e.g., vacation, away from home; Durante, Erlen, Garcia-Teague, Roberts, 2000) | 21 | ||
| Having aids & prompts (Abel, Powell-Cope) | 11 | Pills hard to take, too many (Durante, Gant, Garcia-Teague, Jones, Mellins, Powell-Cope, Roberts, 2000, S. Wood) | 42 |
| Ran out of meds, not fill script (Durante, Erlen, Garcia-Teague, Jones, Wilson) | 26 | ||
| Tired of taking, not want to take, sold ARVs (Garcia-Teague, Jones, Powell-Cope, Roberts, 2003, S. Wood) | 26 | ||
| Easier to get if vouchers, refills at methadone center (Gant) | 5 | Hard to get ARVs (e.g., no transportation; Powell-Cope) | 5 |
Note: To conserve space, only the first author is listed except where two reports are from the same first author. ARV, Antiretroviral.
a
Only qualitative findings included from the Powell-Cope mixed-methods study.
b
Two reports from common parent study with overlapping samples, counted as one report; denominator is 18 for findings derived from both reports.