Table 1. List of model parameters and their values.

Parameter	Variable	Mean value
Birth rate	μ 0	0.000250 week−1
Death rate of
Young children (<2 years)	μ 1	0.000112 week−1
Older children (2–15 years)	μ 2	0.000047 week−1
Adults (>15 years)	μ 3	0.000295 week−1
Infectious contact rate within
Young children	β 11	0.9 week−1person−1
Older children	β 22	0.7 week−1 person−1
Adults	β 33	0.3 week−1 person−1
Infectious contact rate between
Young and older children	β 12	0.68 week−1 person−1
Young children and adults	β 13	0.68 week−1 person−1
Older children and adults	β 23	0.68 week−1 person−1
Frequency of antibiotic exposure in 2002 among
Young children	[α 00, α 10]	[0.046, 0.0065] week−1
Older children	[α 01, α 11]	[0.018, 0.0042] week−1
Adults	[α 02, α 12]	[0.0086, 0.0044] week−1
Vaccination rate of young children (<2 years)	v	30% (2004)–90% (2007)
Duration of vaccine immunity	dv	13 years
Probability of non-decolonization after 4 days of
Penicillin for carriers of SP, IP and RP pneumococci	[σ 0, σ 1, σ 2]	[0.05, 0.35, 0.6]
Macrolide for carriers of SM and RM pneumococci	[σ 3, σ 4]	[0.03, 0.62]
Ketolide for carriers of SK and RK pneumococci	[σ 5, σ 6]	[0.03, 0.62]
Probability of incremental resistance of
β-Lactams, S→I, S→R and I→R	[p 0, p 1, p 2]	[0.0125, 1.5×10−6, 5×10−5]
Macrolides, S→R	p 3	0.011
Ketolides, S→R	p 4	0.01
Time until treatment acts	1/ν	4 days
Duration of antibiotic exposure	1/γ	8 days
Duration of colonization of
Young children	1/λ 1	9 weeks
Older children	1/λ 2	4 weeks
Adults	1/λ 3	2 weeks

NOTE. S, susceptible; I, intermediate; R, resistant.