Evidence for all the transporting components shown, except two, is available and cited in the text. The exceptions are transmembrane carbonic anhydrase (CAIV) and cytosolic adenylyl cyclase (AC). Abbreviations are: sodium-proton exchanger, NHE1; Cl−-HCO3− exchanger, AE2; electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate transporter, NBC1; Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter, NKCC1; cytosolic carbonic anhydrase, CAII; transmembrane carbonic anhydrase, CAIV; cytosolic adenylyl cyclase, AC; intermediate conductance calcium-sensitive potassium channel, KCNN4; cAMP-sensitive potassium channel, KCNQ1/KCNE3; and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR. Sodium-potassium-ATPase is indicated by the alternating sign.