The experimental set-up of the observed and observer control conditions. Storers () received two caching trials in each of the observed and observer control conditions. In each condition, storers cached in one tray in the presence of observer A () and in a different tray in the presence of observer B (). In the observer control condition, an additional storer () also cached in one of the two trays in the presence of a control observer (). At recovery, in the observed condition, storers recovered their caches in the presence of observer A or observer B. In the observer control condition, storers recovered their caches in the presence of the control observer. Perspex strips, () observed tray.