Table 2.

Parallels and continuities in true and false informing, expressing and gesturing

age (months)	‘true’ informing, ‘true’ expressing and ‘true’ intentional gestures	‘false’ informing, ‘false’ expressing and ‘false’ intentional gestures (concealment or inhibition of ‘information’)
9–10	shaking head to refuse (Bates et al. 1976) offering objects and giving	‘fake’ expressions, gestures, passive hiding of actions
11–12	informative pointing (Liszkowski et al. 2006) giving novel object to surprised adult (Tomasello & Haberl 2003)	mis-naming, pretend misdemeanour (intentions), ‘holding the eyes’ to obscure actions, suppressing response
14	correcting communicative misunderstanding (Golinkoff 1983, 1986)
16–20	distinguishing true and false statements (Pea, 1982; Hummer, Wimmer & Antes 1993) rejecting false informants (Baldwin & Moses 2001) selective informing about object existence and object features to ignorant others (Reddy & Simone 1995) correcting verbal contradictions about reality (Dunn 1988)	feigning injury, feigning dirty nappy, active hiding (turning body, going behind screen), smile suppression (in embarrassment)
30	selective giving of information about object location to ignorant others (O'Neill 1996)	false blame, false permission, false promise, ego-defensive false information, false information about reality
36	spontaneous informing when other has a false belief (Teerwogt et al. 1999)