FIG. 5.

OMV fraction of L. pneumophila stimulates cytokine secretion. A549 alveolar epithelial cells were stimulated for 15 h with 50 μg (total protein) of OMVs, and then cytokine secretion profiles were determined using the Bioplex system. The graphs show induced cytokines. The data are means and standard deviations of at least three independent experiments. Main effects were then compared using the Newman-Keuls posttest. A P value of <0.01 was considered significant. G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.