Table 1.
Description of the study villages, their geographical features and meteorological information.
| Study Sites | Rundugai | Kisangara | Ndungu | Chamwino |
| Altitude(M) | 750 | 920 | 1050 | 700 |
| Rainfalls (mm)-2004 | 589 | 290 | 980 | 280 |
| Min.Temp (0C) | 24.7 | 26.7 | 22.1 | 26 |
| Max.Temp (0C) | 29.4 | 31.2 | 29 | 30.3 |
| Landscape | Rural northern Tanzania; extensive swamps and savannah grassland | Peri urban-semi arid, northern Tanzania | Rural, northern Tanzania, bare hills, swamps and grassland. | Rural-central Tanzania, semi-arid. |
| Ethnic groups and Economic activities | Masai, Pare and Chagga, growing maize, vegetable, rice and keeping large groups of cattle. | Pare, mainly growing maize and have cattle heads. | Pare, mainly growing maize, banana trees, sugarcane, rice and beans. They have cattle heads around. | Gogo, Growing maize and ground nuts, they have large groups of cattle around their houses. |
| Any Cattle kept in compound about 5 to 10 meters from sleeping house. | 285 (71.4%) | 605 (84.1%) | 1509 (72.5%) | 702 (67.4%) |
| Mosquito net in selected households. | 322 (81.0%) | 520 (72.3%) | 1797 (86.0%) | 512 (49.1%) |