Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Edentulous Subjects (n = 417)
| Variable | Halitosis: no | Halitosis: yes |
|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 379 (90.9) | 38 (9.1) |
| Age, years | 69.7 ± 7.3 | 67.1 ± 9.3 |
| Sex, female | 189 (49.9) | 17 (44.7) |
| Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease† | ||
| Absent | 228 (60.2) | 15 (39.5) |
| Mild | 90 (23.7) | 11 (28.9) |
| Moderate | 53 (14.0) | 8 (21.1) |
| Severe | 8 (2.1) | 4 (10.5) |
| Chronic esophagitis | 5 (1.3) | 0 (0) |
| Depressive symptoms, sum score† | 3.4 ± 3.1 | 4.6 ± 2.8 |
| Chronic gastritis | 28 (7.4) | 1 (2.6) |
| History of gastric or duodenal ulcer | 9 (2.4) | 0 (0) |
| Difficulty in swallowing | ||
| Absent | 319 (84.2) | 30 (78.9) |
| Mild | 45 (11.9) | 6 (15.8) |
| Moderate | 15 (4.0) | 2 (5.3) |
| Severe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Cigarette smoking status | ||
| Never smoker | 129 (34.0) | 12 (31.6) |
| Former smoker | 174 (45.9) | 16 (42.1) |
| Current smoker | 76 (20.1) | 10 (26.3) |
| Total alcohol consumption during the past weekend, g | 25.0 ± 41.6 | 31.2 ± 57.9 |
| >40 g spirits consumption during the past weekend, g | 11 (2.9) | 3 (7.9) |
| Coffee consumption, cups per day | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.8 |
| Living together (with or without marriage) | 244 (64.4) | 29 (76.3) |
| School education | ||
| <10 years | 317 (83.6) | 29 (76.3) |
| 10 years | 42 (11.1) | 7 (18.4) |
| >10 years | 20 (5.3) | 2 (5.3) |
| Complete denture, upper jaw | 366 (96.6) | 36 (94.7) |
| Complete denture, lower jaw | 342 (90.2) | 33 (86.8) |
Values are number (percentage), or mean ± standard deviation
*P<0.05
†P < 0.01